<p>Holy Trinity Orthodox Cathedral is the cathedral church of the Orthodox Church in America Diocese of the Midwest. It is one of only two churches designed by Louis Sullivan, one of the seminal architects of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It is listed on the US National Register of Historic Places and is designated a Chicago Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The church was commissioned by a growing Orthodox community consisting of Russians, Serbs and Greeks of Chicago, Illinois, and stands within the neighborhood known today as Ukrainian Village. The founders of the church were immigrants from Carpathian Rus&#39;, Galicia, and the Balkans. It remains one of only two Orthodox churches servicing the Orthodox-Christian community in Ukrainian Village. Construction work, partly financed by a personal donation of $4,000 (approximately $40,000 in 2014) from Tsar St. Nicholas II of Russia, lasted from 1899 to 1903. The church retains many features of Russian provincial architecture, including an octagonal dome and a frontal belltower. It is believed that the emigrants wished the church to be "remindful of the small, intimate, rural buildings they left behind in the Old World". Archival references point to a small wooden church in the Siberian village of Tatarskaya as a particular inspiration for the final design. To this traditional Russian basis of the overall design, Sullivan added decorative elements more characteristic of his own larger corpus of work, influenced by the Art Nouveau and Arts and Crafts movements, as seen, for example, in the abstract decorative design over the western entrance to the church.</p><br>
<p>The church is highlighted in numerous books on church architecture, among them Chicago Churches: A Photographic Essay by Elizabeth Johnson (Uppercase Books Inc, 1999) as well as The Spiritual Traveler&#39;s Guide to Chicago and Illinois by Marilyn Chiat (HiddenSpring 2004). The church was consecrated by St.Tikhon of Moscow and was under the spiritual guidance of St. John of Chicago (Kochurov) during its early years.</p><br>
<p>The church was elevated to a cathedral in 1923, and stands today a member of the Orthodox community in Chicago. It serves as the cathedral church of the Orthodox Church in America with Priest Alexander Koranda.</p><br>
<h2>Services</h2><br>
<p>The Divine Liturgy is celebrated at 9:30 am on Sundays, following singing of the Hours from 9:10 am. The Liturgy is also celebrated at 9:30 am on Feast days. A Vigil is held at 4:30 pm on Saturdays, and at 6:30pm on the eve of Feast days.</p><br>
<h2>Tours</h2><br>
<p>Tours are held almost every other Saturday or by special appointment. Information is on the cathedral website. l</p><br>
<p>Wiconisco Creek is a tributary of the Susquehanna River in Schuylkill and Dauphin counties, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately 45.5 mi long.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>Wiconisco Creek begins on a bend on a mountain in Porter Township, Schuylkill County. It flows in the general direction of west-southwest for several miles between two mountains, one of which is north of the creek and the other of which is south of the creek. The creek passes near Tower City, where the southern border of its valley is defined by a different mountain, and shortly afterwards leaves Schuylkill County.</p><br>
<p>Upon leaving Schuylkill County, Wiconisco Creek enters Williams Township, Dauphin County. In this township, the creek continues in a westward direction, crossing USA Route 209 and passing Williamstown. Further on, the creek enters Wiconisco Township, where it passes by the community of Lykens. Here, it receives the tributary Bear Creek and then the tributary Rattling Creek. Wiconisco Creek then leaves Wiconisco Township and enters Washington Township, where it picks up the tributaries Big Run and Canoe Gap Run. The creek then reaches the end of its valley and turns abruptly north, crossing USA Route 209 again. It briefly enters Lykens Township before starting to meander southwest back into Washington Township. Here, the creek crosses Pennsylvania Route 225 and continues meandering in the same direction. It crosses USA Route 209 again and enters Upper Paxton Township, where it begins to meander parallel to Berry Mountain. After a while, the creek stops meandering, but continues west, receiving the tributary Little Wiconisco Creek. The creek then reaches its confluence with the Susquehanna River between Lenkerville and Millersburg.</p><br>
<p>Wiconisco Creek reaches its confluence with the Susquehanna River 97.99 mi upstream of its mouth.</p><br>
<h3>Tributaries</h3><br>
<p>Tributaries of Wiconisco Creek include Little Wiconisco Creek, Keefers Run, Big Run, Rattling Creek, and Bear Creek. Rattling Creek is the largest of these tributaries, with a watershed area of 19.6 square miles. Little Wiconisco Creek is the second-largest tributary. Its watershed has an area of 17.1 square miles. The smallest tributary of Wiconisco Creek is Big Run, whose watershed has an area of 1.0 square miles. Additionally, the tributary Rattling Creek has a number of sub-tributaries.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>Wiconisco Creek is considered by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection to be impaired by abandoned mine drainage, wastewater, and agriculture. Approximately half of the main stem and large parts of Little Wiconisco Creek are considered to be impaired. The creeks water quality is degraded by Bear Creek and three tunnels: the Big Lick Tunnel, Keffers Tunnel, and the Porter Tunnel.</p><br>
<p>The concentration of iron in the waters of Wiconisco Creek ranges from 0.41 to 1.7 milligrams per liter (where detected), depending on the site. The daily load ranges from 66.14 to 753.73 lb. The concentration of manganese in the waters of the creek ranges from 0.23 to 0.94 milligrams per liter (where detected), depending on the site. The daily load ranges from 40.63 to 203.95 lb. The concentration of aluminum in the creek ranges from 0.6 to 1.27 milligrams per liter (where detected), depending on the site. The daily load ranges from 54.9 to 86.22 lb. The concentration of acidity ranges from 27.47 to 48.3 milligrams per liter, depending on the site. The daily load ranges from 1852.28 to 21167.71 lb. The concentration of alkalinity ranges from 3.2 to 70.17 milligrams per liter, depending on the site. The daily load ranges from 138.33 to 13796.13 lb.</p><br>
<h2>Geography, geology, and climate</h2><br>
<p>The elevation near the mouth of Wiconisco Creek is 380 ft above sea level. The highest elevation in the watershed is 1,785 ft above sea level. This occurs on Big Lick Mountain. From river mile 37.5 to the mouth, the elevation of the creek decreases at a rate of 11.4 ft per mile.</p><br>
<p>Some strainers are situated on Wiconisco Creek between Lykens and Loyalton. The creek flows through a gorge for several miles in its lower reaches. It is a relatively small creek upstream of Lykens.</p><br>
<p>The channel of Wiconisco Creek is tortuous. The creek flows through rock formations made of sandstone and shale. Deposits of anthracite occur in the watershed. The main rock formation in the watershed is the Mauch Chunk Formation. Other rock formations include the Duncannon Member of the Catskill Formation, the Llewellyn Formation, the Pocono Formation, the Pottsville Formation, and the Spechty Kopf Formation.</p><br>
<p>The Pocono Formation occurs in the southern part of the Wiconisco Creek watershed and also on the northwestern edge. The Llewellyn Formation and the Pottsville Group occur in the northeastern part of the watershed. The Pottsville Group is also found in the watershed&#39;s southeastern portion. The Spechty Kopf Formation and the Duncannon Member of the Catskill Formation occur in small areas in the its southernmost portion. The rest of the watershed is on the Mauch Chunk Formation.</p><br>
<p>The Hazleton-Dekalb-Lehew soil association occurs in the southern, northeastern, and northwestern parts of the Wiconisco Creek watershed. A minute area near the mouth of the creek is occupied by soil of the Duncannon-Urban-Land-Chavies association. The rest of the watershed is occupied by the Leck Kill-Minersville-Calvin soil association.</p><br>
<p>The annual rate of precipitation in the watershed of Wiconisco Creek ranges between 40 in and 50 in.</p><br>
<h2>Watershed</h2><br>
<p>The watershed of Wiconisco Creek has an area of 116 square miles.</p><br>
<p>Numerous boroughs and villages are situated in the watershed of Wiconisco Creek. Boroughs in the western part of the watershed include Berrysburg, Elizabethville, and Millersburg. Boroughs in the central part of the watershed include Lykens, Gratz, and Wiconisco and boroughs in the watersheds eastern portion include Tower City and Williamstown. Villages in the eastern part of the watershed include Muir, Orwin, Reinerton, and Sheridan. Villages in the central part of the watershed include Big Run, Dayton, and Loyalton and villages in the watersheds western section include Cloverly Acres, Pleasant Hills, and Reservoir Heights.</p><br>
<p>Major roads in the watershed of Wiconisco Creek include USA Route 209 and also Pennsylvania Route 225 and Pennsylvania Route 325. A large number of township roads are also found in the watershed.</p><br>
<p>Almost all of the southern part and northern and northwestern edges of the watershed of Wiconisco Creek is forested land, including Pennsylvania State Game Lands. Nearly all of the western part of the watershed is agricultural land. Abandoned mining land is found in patches in the watersheds eastern half. Most of the watersheds population centers are found in a band running through the central part of the watershed from east to west.</p><br>
<h2>History, etymology, and industries</h2><br>
<p>The name of Wiconisco Creek comes from a Native American word meaning "wet and dirty camp".</p><br>
<p>Coal mining (both strip mining and deep mining) is done in the upper reaches of the watershed of Wiconisco Creek, and has been since the late 1800s. There are six active mining permits in the watershed. The remains of a dam are located in the lower reaches.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1900s, the Pennsylvania Railroad followed Wiconisco Creek between its mouth and Williamstown. The Philadelphia and Reading Railroad followed the creek from its headwaters as far as Lykens.</p><br>
<h2>Biology</h2><br>
<p>Groves of hemlock can be found on Wiconisco Creek, as can alder trees.</p><br>
<p>Wiconisco Creek is designated as a warmwater fishery in Dauphin County.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>It is possible to canoe on 34 mi of Wiconisco Creek during snowmelt in late winter and spring or several days after heavy rains. The creek is considered to be suitable for novice canoers. However, there are Class 1 and Class 2 rapids on the creek near the community of Lykens. Edward Gertler describes the scenery as "poor to good" in his book Keystone Canoeing.</p><br>
<p>Perkiomen Creek is a 37.7 mi tributary of the Schuylkill River in Berks, Lehigh and Montgomery counties, Pennsylvania in the United States. The water course was also named Perquaminck Creek, on Thomas Holme&#39;s 1687 map.</p><br>
<p>The creek begins in Hereford Township, Berks County, initially flows eastward into Upper Milford Township, Lehigh County, and turns southward to reenter Hereford Township before entering Montgomery County. It is from the Lenape term Pakihm Unk (pronounced for Pah Keym Unk), which means "cranberry place" in English.</p><br>
<p>The Green Lane Reservoir is formed by a dam on the creek on the north side of Green Lane that backs up water from there to the north of Route 663.</p><br>
<p>Perkiomen Creek joins the Schuylkill River approximately 1.7 miles (2.7 km) downstream of the community of Audubon, the location of the National Audubon Society wildlife sanctuary Mill Grove Farm, once the estate of 19th-century ornithologist John James Audubon. Its largest tributary is East Branch Perkiomen Creek.</p><br>
<p>The Perkiomen Trail was established in 2003 as a partnership with the Montgomery County Planning Commission and local governments to provide a walking, jogging, and biking path along the creek that stretches south from Green Lane Reservoir Park to near the Schuylkill River where it meets the Schuylkill River Trail.</p><br>
<p>Grenada Lake is a reservoir on the Yalobusha River in the USA state of Mississippi. It is one of four flood control lakes in North Mississippi constructed by the USA Army Corps of Engineers. Grenada Lake was constructed to help control flooding along the Yazoo River Basin. The dam is located on the Yalobusha River approximately 3 miles  northeast of Grenada, Mississippi.</p><br>
<p>The operation of Grenada Lake began in 1954 after a cost of $32 million to construct. The elevation of the top of the earthen-filled dam is 256 ft NGVD. The Grenada Project encompasses 90,427 acre with 35,000 acre of this in water during the recreation season (215 NGVD). At this elevation the lake has approximately 48 mi of shoreline.</p><br>
<p>Flood control is the primary purpose of the Grenada Lake Project. The Mississippi River Basin Flood Control Project was the direct result of the Great Flood of 1927. The levees which were the only protection against flooding at the time, broke along the Mississippi and Arkansas Rivers, literally swamping thousands of acres of land in Mississippi, Louisiana, and Arkansas.</p><br>
<p>Even though the Corps of Engineers main objective is flood control, Federal Legislation calls for other activities on Corps of Engineers Lands. Since its impoundment, Grenada Lake has attracted an ever-increasing number of visitors who enjoy water-based and other outdoor recreational activities and is host to several fishing tournaments annually as well.</p><br>
<p>Grenada Lake is the home to Hugh White State Park and its associated Carver Point Group Camp. Many other campgrounds are located around the lake.</p><br>
<p>The Bailey Island Bridge  is a historic bridge in the town of Harpswell within Cumberland County in the state of Maine.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>For many years, the residents of Bailey Island, Maine, advocated that a bridge be built to connect their island with Orr&#39;s Island. The town of Harpswell, Maine, which encompasses both islands, turned down the request. However, when the Maine Legislature drafted a law allowing the state and counties to fund bridge construction, a plan emerged to build such a bridge. A contract was signed in 1926, with construction beginning on the Bailey Island Bridge in 1927 and finishing in 1928. The engineer for the project was Llewelyn N. Edwards, bridge engineer for the Maine State Highway Commission.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>Design of the 1,150-foot bridge was complicated by the tides in the area known as Will&#39;s Gut. It was decided to build a cobwork bridge, using granite slabs as cribstones, acquired from local quarries in nearby Yarmouth, Maine. The slabs, longer than they are wide, are laid horizontally, first lengthwise, and then crosswise, in several layers. No mortar or cement is used. Granite slabs were considered sufficiently heavy to withstand wind and wave, while the open cribbing allowed the tide to ebb and flow freely without increasing tidal current to any great degree.</p><br>
<p>Some 10,000 tons of granite were used in the project. A concrete road (now part of Route 24) was built on top of the cribstones.</p><br>
<h2>Additions and Recognition</h2><br>
<p>A sidewalk was added in 1951 and guard rails in 1961. The Bailey Island Bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975; on July 19, 1984, it was recognized as a Historic Civil Engineering Landmark. The Bailey Island Bridge is reported to be the only granite cribstone bridge in the world.</p><br>
<p>In 2009 and 2010, the bridge underwent reconstruction to repair cracked or sheared stones. During the repairs, a 1,000-foot temporary bridge was placed alongside the cribstone bridge so that traffic could continue without disruption. On November 20, 2010, a ribbon-cutting ceremony and parade took place to celebrate the reopening of the bridge.</p><br>
<p>The restored bridge maintains the dimensions of the original, and the replacement stones were obtained from the same quarry in Yarmouth that supplied the original.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Redmont Hotel Birmingham, or simply the Redmont Hotel, is a 14-story-tall , 120-room boutique hotel and conference center located on the corner of 5th Avenue North and 21st Street in Birmingham, Alabama, USA. The Redmont, named after Birmingham&#39;s Red Mountain is the oldest hotel in Birmingham still in use. It is currently owned by Bayshore Company Tampa, Florida, is managed by Rhaglan Hospitality LLC, and operates as a historic boutique hotel under the Curio Collection by Hilton brand.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Redmont was opened on May 1, 1925, as a 200-room hotel with plans by architect G. Lloyd Preacher of Atlanta, Georgia. It was unusual at its time for having a private bath attached to every room as well as chilled water and ceiling fans. The "Rainbow Room" lounge debuted in 1937 and became the watering hole for an informal group of influential persons called the "Knothole Gang".</p><br>
<p>In 1946 the hotel was purchased by businessman and hotel magnate Clifford Stiles. In 1947 Stiles converted the entire top floor into a New York-style penthouse apartment for himself and his family. This elegant penthouse was complete with terraces, private elevator, a lawn for pets and was the scene of many glamorous parties. Some say that Stiles, who died in 1975, still haunts the building. In 1952, singer Hank Williams spent his last night in the Redmont on an uncompleted trip from Montgomery to Charleston, West Virginia. One of the suites earned the moniker "the Lucky Governors Suite" when it served as the local headquarters for the successful Jim Folsom and George Wallace gubernatorial campaigns of the 1940s, 50s and 60s.</p><br>
<p>After decades of decline, the hotel was purchased in 1983 by an investment group made up of NBA players, including Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Ralph Sampson. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 27 of that year. A $7 million renovation led to a grand re-opening in 1985. Another refurbishment in 2000 uncovered previously hidden architectural details and cleaned the exterior.</p><br>
<p>In April 2006 the Redmont&#39;s ownership group announced plans to convert its two uppermost floors into nine one- and two-bedroom condominia with another luxury condominium in the penthouse. The condominia would have included hotel services such as housecleaning, valet parking, room service, security and bellhop assistance as well as access to the fitness center. Other plans included adding a coffee bar or doughnut shop at ground level. The owners also dropped their association with Crowne Plaza and began operating the hotel as an independent hotel. Due to the economic environment resulting from the Great Recession, the 2006 renovation plans were indefinitely suspended.</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>Following the award of Alabama State Historic Tax Credits in October, 2013, the hotel underwent a multimillion-dollar restoration which began in 2014. The restoration of the Redmont was assisted with financial contributions from the Alabama Historic Rehabilitation Tax Credits and $400,000 in tax incentives from the City of Birmingham. Interior designer Natalie Toy was commissioned to plan the interior design of the building. The work, contracted to local company Stewart Perry, included completely updating all guest rooms, and adding a new independently-operated restaurant and bar, along with a café.</p><br>
<p>The hotel reopened as part of the "Curio Collection by Hilton" brand on March 8, 2016.</p><br>
<p>The Redmont Hotel Birmingham now consists of 11 floors with 120 guest rooms.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<h2>Additional references</h2><br>
<p>Williams, Roy L. (April 12, 2006) "Redmont Hotel top floors going condo". Birmingham News.</p><br>
<p>Bosley, Anita S. (September 1, 2000) "Building holds clues to &#39;20s-era Birmingham". Birmingham Business Journal.</p><br>
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<p>Glencoe Lochan is a tract of forest located just north of Glencoe village in the Scottish Highlands. It was planted/transplanted from the Pacific Northwest of Canada in the nineteenth century by Donald Alexander Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal.</p><br>
<p>After acquiring the Glencoe Estate in 1895, Donald Alexander Smith and his wife, Isabella Sophia Hardisty, moved from Canada to Scotland. Soon after their arrival, Isabella became increasingly homesick for her ancestral lands in Canada. In an attempt to abate his wife&#39;s depression, Donald Alexander Smith had this forest painstakingly planted, and granted it to her as a private refuge.</p><br>
<p>The lochan is currently under the care of the Forestry Commission, there are trails around it, parking and fishing for brown trout is possible with a permit purchased locally.</p><br>
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<p>The Godwin-Austen Glacier is a glacier in the Karakorum, close to K2 in the Gilgit–Baltistan Pakistan. Its confluence with the Baltoro Glacier is called Concordia and is a popular trekking destination as it provides views of four of the five eight-thousanders in the region.</p><br>
<p>The glacier can be approached via the Balti town of Skardu. It receives its name from Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen, an early explorer of this region. K2 was originally named Mount Godwin-Austin in his honour.</p><br>
<h2>List of peaks</h2><br>
<p>Peaks near Concordia include:</p><br>
<p>* K2, 2nd highest of the world at 8,611m.</p><br>
<p>* Gasherbrum I, 11th highest of the world at 8,080m.</p><br>
<p>* Broad Peak, 12th highest of the world at 8,047m.</p><br>
<p>* Gasherbrum II, 13th highest of the world at 8,035m.</p><br>
<p>* Gasherbrum III, 7,946m. (Often regarded as a subpeak of Gasherbrum II.)</p><br>
<p>* Gasherbrum IV, 17th highest of the world at 7,932m.</p><br>
<p>* Masherbrum (K1), 22nd highest of the world at 7,821m.</p><br>
<p>* Chogolisa, 36th highest of the world at 7,665m.</p><br>
<p>* Muztagh Tower, 7,273m.</p><br>
<p>* Snow Dome, 7,160m.</p><br>
<p>* Biarchedi, 6,781 m</p><br>
<p>* Mitre Peak, 6,010m.</p><br>
<p>Rudnik  is a mountain in central Serbia, near the town of Gornji Milanovac. Its highest peak Cvijićev vrh, named after geologist and biologist Jovan Cvijić, has an elevation of 1,132 meters above sea level. It has several other peaks over 1000 m: Srednji Šturac, Mali Šturac, Molitve, Paljevine and Marijanac. The name translates literally to mine, as the mountain is rich in mining resources.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The word of the mountain Serbian Cyrillic: Рудник literally means a mine in Serbo-Croatian language. The name itself is probably a testament to a mining activity associated with this mountain throughout several millennia.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The archaeological site of Belovode on the Rudnik mountain in Serbia contains the world&#39;s oldest securely dated evidence of copper smelting at high temperature, from 5,000 BCE.</p><br>
<p>A thousand years later, a farming population (I haplogroup) from the Taurus Mountains arrived to this location. The first outpost in Europe was in the 6004-5960 B.C. in the pass between the Danube and the Carpathians; before, the dominant haplogroup in Europe was the G, now in Georgia, mainly with R1b together.</p><br>
<p>Before the arrival of the Romans, the area was inhabited by the Illyrians, followed by the Celts. The first Serbian dinar with Cyrillic inscription, the dinar of Stefan Dragutin of Serbia, was minted at Rudnik. The Saxons and the people of Dubrovnik had colonies in this region in the 14th century. After 1441, Runik gained special importance when the Ottoman Empire conquered Novo Brdo. Đurađ Branković, the revered Serbian despot, had a mint and summer villa here. The rich mineral resources of the mountain (silver, lead and copper) were an important source of wealth to the Serbian rulers. Besides mining, Rudnik was a settlement with developed handicrafts and a thriving trading post with a cosmopolitan population that influenced the whole of Serbia.</p><br>
<h2>Nature</h2><br>
<p>The hill is covered in deciduous forest, mainly consisting of beech trees.</p><br>
<h2>Other hills</h2><br>
<p>Ostrvica or Ostrovica hill (758 m, {{coord|44|10|08|N|20|27|37|E}}) is located on the northwest of the Rudnik massif, sharply rising above the surrounding terrain. It is of volcanic origin and made of magmatic rocks, chiefly andesite, suitable for masonry and road building. On the top of the hill lie the remains of a fortified city, whose exact origins are unknown. It was first mentioned in the fifth century CE, but is presumed to originate from the antic period. It was refortified by Serbian Despot Đurađ Branković around 1430, who used it as a summer retreat with his family. The popular legend attributed the city building to his wife Eirene Kantakouzene, already infamous for her role in building of the Smederevo Fortress, and it is also referred to as Jerinin grad (Eirene&#39;s city).</p><br>
<p>Union Square is a neighborhood located in the Sowebo area of Baltimore. It dates to the 1830s and includes a historic district of houses and commerce buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Named for the graceful park at its center, Union Square is a diverse urban setting - home to art galleries, artist studios, H.L. Mencken’s lifelong residence, and spacious three-story Italianate and Victorian rowhouses. On the historic ground of Southwest Baltimore is known to locals as "Sowebo" (SouthWest Baltimore). Union Square is less than a mile from Camden Yards and within walking distance of the "Inner Harbor" (formerly known as "The Basin" of the harbor, the Northwest Branch of the Patapsco River, the B&O Railroad Museum, Ravens Stadium (later known as M. & T. Bank Stadium), and the University of Maryland at Baltimore, (the original and founding campus of the U. of M. system, from 1807). The state-of-the-art U.M.B. Biotech Park on West Baltimore Street is a recent addition, with portions still under construction. One of the several public golf courses is nearby in Carroll Park, also home to the historic Mount Clare Mansion of 1754 built by Charles Carroll, Barrister, (1723-1783), next to the newly renovated Montgomery Park office building, formerly the store and regional warehouse of the Montgomery Ward & Company, famous for their catalog orders and sales in the last century. Access to several transportation directions are minutes away with the Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard running in an arch around the west side of downtown with its connection to the Jones Falls Expressway, (Interstate 83) going north towards the Baltimore-Harrisburg Expressway, the main East Coast highway, north to south is Interstate 95 with its Fort McHenry Tunnel and the Baltimore Harbor Tunnel cutting under the harbor and port of the Patapsco River and the commuter rail service MARC Train beginning in the northeastern corner of the state at Havre de Grace, MarylandHavre de Grace at the head of the Chesapeake Bay down to Baltimore and onto Washington, D.C. 40 miles away. Surrounding the city is the encircling Baltimore Beltway which is also Interstate 695 and connects via four parallel highways, from east to west: Interstate 95, then the Baltimore-Washington Parkway which is also (Md. Route 295 and Interstate 295), and the old historic Washington Boulevard from colonial times now of USA Route 1, and further to the west is USA Route 29, all connecting to the Capital Beltway around the Nation&#39;s Capital, in Maryland and Virginia, Interstate 495.</p><br>
<h2>Attractions</h2><br>
<h3>Union Square Park</h3><br>
<p>A 2.5 acre public space at the west side of the neighborhood, Union Square Park dates from 1847 and contains the community’s signature structure, a Greek Revival Pavilion (1850) with fluted iron columns. Other features include the H. L. Mencken Memorial Fountain (1976) and curved walkways with park benches. Throughout the year, there are many impromptu events in the Square, including neighborhood dinners, outdoor movies, tag sales, Easter egg hunts, Halloween pumpkin carvings, and various other parties.</p><br>
<h3>Hollins Market</h3><br>
<p>A vital part of the community, Hollins Market was built in the Italianate style in 1838 at the east side of the neighborhood and is Baltimore’s oldest home to food merchants.</p><br>
<h3>Mencken House</h3><br>
<p>The H. L. Mencken House is located at 1524 Hollins Street. Baltimore&#39;s famous son, Henry Louis Mencken, lived here from 1883 until his death in 1956. More details in History section (below).</p><br>
<h3>Arts festival</h3><br>
<p>An annual event - the Sowebohemian Arts Festival - is held in the streets around Hollins Market on the Sunday afternoon of the Memorial Day weekend.</p><br>
<h4>Other highlights</h4><br>
<p>Also in the Union Square Historic District, attractions include annual events such as the Union Square Christmas Cookie Tour plus the Black Cherry Puppet Theater, the Enoch Pratt Free Library No. 2 Branch (1886), and Sowebo Arts, Inc.</p><br>
<h4>Nearby attractions</h4><br>
<p>Other nearby sites of interest include the B&O Railroad Museum, the Lithuanian Hall, Carroll Park, the Mount Clare Museum, the Babe Ruth Museum, the Irish Shrine and Railroad Workers Memorial Museum, and the Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>The Union Square-Hollins Market Historic District is a dense area of rowhouses and commercial structures located approximately 10 blocks west of the Inner Harbor in Baltimore. The district contains approximately 1,321 buildings with about 31 structures which do not contribute to the district. There are two major features in the district: Union Square Park, a speculative park and housing development of the 1840s, and Hollins Market, an Italianate style market house built in 1838 and 1864. The remainder of the district developed after 1830 mainly as housing for workers in nearby industries and consist of low scale, two and three story brick vernacular dwellings while larger, high-style rowhouses surround the park.</p><br>
<p>The Union Square-Hollins Market Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Real estate</h2><br>
<p>On the Square and on nearby streets, spacious three-story rowhouses predominate. Most are pre- and post-Civil War Italianate in style, but there are many examples of Early Victorian Greek Revival and Late Victorian Romanesque Revival. A majority of the homes have ten- to fourteen-foot ceilings, tall distinctive windows, wood floors, and plaster walls. Exteriors are brick and mortar facades with attractive cornices and marble steps. On the side streets and alleys there are an additional variety of charming two-story and two-story-with-attic rows. House prices range from $40,000 to $400,000.</p><br>
<h3>Schools</h3><br>
<h4>Southwest Baltimore Charter School</h4><br>
<p>Opened in August 2005, the Southwest Baltimore Charter School (SBCS) is located at 31 South Schroeder Street. Its K – 4 enrollment serves a diverse population in southwest Baltimore City. SBCS accomplishments include increases in reading performance across all grade levels and student performances at Taste the Arts, a Young Audiences Gala and fundraiser.</p><br>
<h4>Steuart Hill Academy (Baltimore City School #4)</h4><br>
<p>Steuart Hill Academy is located at 30 South Gilmor Street directly across the street from Union Square Park. The school was originally named Steuart Hill Elementary as a pre-K –6 school. The school’s playground was torn down in 1999 and the school went without a playground for 4 years until awareness was brought to the attention of the city by a group of the students. In 2002 these students were presented a grant from the Department of Parks and Recreation for $1 million. This money was used to rebuild their playground and several other Baltimore City playgrounds as well. In 2002, Steuart Hill Academy enrolled as a pre-K – 8 school.</p><br>
<h2>Boundaries</h2><br>
<p>The District is bounded by South Fulton Street to the west and South Schroeder Street to the east, with north and south borders of West Baltimore and West Pratt Streets. Union Square proper, just west of the Market, is bounded by S. Stricker and S. Gilmore Streets from the east and west respectively, and by Hollins and W. Lombard Streets to the north and south. The area is built on a grid street system which conforms to the original 1818 layout of the area. Zip Code: 21223.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Origins</h3><br>
<p>Begun during the influx of English, Irish and German immigration of the 1830s, the Union Square / Hollins Market Historic District is a dense area of rowhouses that includes Federal, Greek Revival and Italianate architectural styles. To the west, Union Square Park contains an ornate fountain and Greek Revival pavilion, and forms one of the two open spaces preserved in the neighborhood. Hollins Market, in the east, is an Italianate-style market house built in 1838 and expanded in 1864, and is the oldest city market still in operation.</p><br>
<p>A large part of the neighborhood is built on the former estate of merchant-shipper Thorowgood Smith (1744–1810). Smith was Baltimore’s second mayor, from 1804 to 1808, filling the vacancy caused by the resignation of James Calhoun (Calhoun Street passes through the Union Square neighborhood). In 1799, Smith built his summer home, Willow Brook, in the Palladian style popular in mid-18th century England and the United States. At the time, the property was on the outskirts of the city. Across town, next door to the Shot Tower (1828), Smith’s principal residence is restored as the Circa 1790 Home, open to the public, and maintained by the Women’s Civic League.</p><br>
<p>Upon the death of the childless Smith, the villa with twenty-six acres passed to his wife, the former Mary Blaikley Stith (1750–1822) and then to a nephew, merchant and privateer John Donnell.</p><br>
<p>Donnell was responsible for parceling out the first plots of land for the construction of homes. Three sons of John Donnell leased grounds around the park, laid out specifications for houses, and graded and paved streets bordering the Square in the 1840s.</p><br>
<p>Dubbed “Millionaire’s Row,” the portion of Stricker Street facing the Square featured the Italianate residences of bankers, investors, and factory owners. Other variations of the Italianate style lined the blocks leading up to and surrounding the square. Less ornate homes were put up in groups on side and alley streets, but all shared many identical features such as cornices, marble steps, and iron work. Developers and homeowners attempted to build the most economic dwellings possible, so they crammed narrow rowhouses along every road, avenue and alley in the district. Common brick was often used on side walls, with hard surface English brick on the front. The largest rooms were typically the front parlors and master bedrooms – smaller rooms were placed to the rear.</p><br>
<p>Ceiling medallions, cornices, staircase millwork, and fireplace designs were individualized features, chosen from home order catalogs. Most of the wrought or cast ironwork in the neighborhood was made in the Hayward-Bartlett Factory near the B&O Yards to the south of the neighborhood. The buildings were brick and low-scale – no more than three stories except for some commercial buildings. Evenly spaced doorsteps, windows, and doors, as well as continuous rooflines create the visual rhythms for which Baltimore rowhouses are noted. Although residential construction ended in the 1880s, commercial building continued into the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The two-and-one-half acres for the park was approved for that use and donated by the Donnells in 1847. The park is one block square, bordered by Lombard, Stricker, Gilmor, and Hollins streets. The landscape of Union Square – with its walkways, pavilion, fountain, and wrought iron lamps – recalls Victorian Era Baltimore. Architect John F. Hoss designed the iron Greek-style pavilion with fluted columns in 1850 – it covers a natural spring that was once accessible by steps and, at one time, supplied water to the B&O Railroad. The source of the name “Union Square” is uncertain but probably reflects the patriotic sentiment of this time before the Civil War. Fog scenes of the Square, lights agleam over wet pavements and barren limbs, were often featured in local landscape artistry.</p><br>
<p>Willow Brook, the estate house, was acquired in 1864 by Emily Caton McTavish, granddaughter of Charles Carroll (a signer of the Declaration of Independence), and daughter of General Winfield “Old Fuss and Feathers” Scott (a hero in the War of 1812 and unsuccessful Whig presidential candidate in 1852). Within a year, she donated it to the Roman Catholic Church as a school for delinquent girls, under the administration of the Congregation of the Good Shepherd. Additions and renovations changed the original structure over the next 100 years until the school closed in 1965, the property was sold, and the buildings were dismantled. Willow Brook’s interior oval drawing room had long enjoyed national acclaim and, still intact, it was moved to the Baltimore Museum of Art for public and permanent display. Steuart Hill Elementary School was constructed on the site. The area was designated a National Register Historic District in 1967, two years after Willow Brook was razed.</p><br>
<p>The original iron urns in the park were smelted down during World War II for the war effort. Economic decline occurred in the mid-20th until extensive rehabilitation began during a renaissance in the 1960s and 1970s. The Square benefitted from new lighting, shrubs, pink sidewalks, and cast iron benches installed during the 1970s.</p><br>
<h3>Hollins Market</h3><br>
<p>The city’s oldest market structure still in use, Hollins Market is part of the Baltimore public market system that began in 1763. In 1835, the City granted a petition of piano manufacturer Joseph Newman and “others” to erect a market house at their own expense. Banker George T. Dunbar donated the land which, at that time, was on the western fringe of the city. The doors opened in September 1836 and the market soon became very successful, but the fragile structure blew down in a windstorm two years later. Newman organized the effort to quickly rebuild and re-open the market by the end of 1839. The market was named for John Smith Hollins (1786–1856), an estate owner in West Baltimore and one-term mayor of the city from 1852 to 1854.</p><br>
<p>In 1863, the City Council appropriated $23,000 to erect the high-ceilinged Italianate red brick edifice as an addition to the old market house. As this was during the divisive time of the Civil War, the council refused to consider any bid for the market’s construction that did not come from “parties... known to be thoroughly and unconditionally Union Men.”</p><br>
<p>By 1900, Hollins Market stretched from Poppleton to Carey Streets, with 160 inside and 180 outside stalls. Over the years, an assortment of West Baltimore butchers, various European and Asian immigrants with vendor traditions, and African-American merchants have all sold and purchased meats, farm-fresh produce, baked goods, and home-produced wares. Somewhat smaller today, the traditions and diversity of the market and the quality of goods still holds true. The 1990 Barry Levinson film “Avalon” depicts Hollins Market in its heyday.</p><br>
<p>Hollins Market, at 26 South Arlington Street, is open Monday through Saturday from 7:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. It is closed on Sunday.</p><br>
<h3>Malachai Mills</h3><br>
<p>At 1504 W. Baltimore Street is the residence of Malachai Mills, a free-born African-American businessman in the early and mid-19th century. Mr. Mills was a prominent cabinetmaker and carpenter, providing furnishings and carpentry for many of the early homes in the neighborhood. Bill Adler of the Union Square neighborhood is at the head of a preservation effort to revitalize this valuable structure as a “historic life museum” and as a preservation, fine arts, or urban studies field site for local universities.</p><br>
<h3>H. L. Mencken House</h3><br>
<p>Designated a National Historic Landmark in 1985, this Italianate brick row house at 1524 Hollins Street was the home of one of Baltimore’s most famous citizens – noted Baltimore Sun journalist and author Henry Louis Mencken lived here from 1883 until his death in 1956. Mencken wrote of his home: “I have lived in one house in Baltimore for nearly 45 years. It has changed in that time, as I have – but somehow it still remains the same.... It is as much a part of me as my two hands. If I had to leave it I’d be as certainly crippled as if I lost a leg.”</p><br>
<p>After his death on January 26, 1956, his home was bequeathed to the University of Maryland. In 1983 the City of Baltimore acquired the H. L. Mencken House from the University, in exchange for the Old Pine Street Station. With period furniture, his restored second-floor office, and backyard gazebo, the H. L. Mencken House opened as part of the City Life Museums and a center for theatrical, literary and musical events. Although the City Life Museums closed in 1997, the landmark still displays a special commemorative plaque about its famous occupant. The house is currently not open to the public and now stands empty, a shuttered burden for the City of Baltimore, which plans to dispose of the property. The organization “Friends of the H. L. Mencken House” is leading efforts of several groups to redirect and expand the use of this neighborhood treasure.</p><br>
<h2>Celebrating History</h2><br>
<p>The park and fountain – as well as parts of Stricker, Hollins and Lombard streets – were transported back to the 1850s when Union Square played the title role in the lush 1997 movie adaptation of Henry James’s biting novel Washington Square from acclaimed director Agnieszka Holland.</p><br>
<p>The excitement continued in 1997 as the community celebrated the sesquicentennial of Union Square with a re-dedication of the park including the placement of a stone tablet commemorating the event at the foot of one of the pavilion columns. The celebration was highlighted with concerts and a marching band performance, and the dedication of a new park at Pratt and Gilmor streets.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>As of the census of 2000, there were 5,420 people residing in the neighborhood. The racial makeup of Union Square was 30.2% White, 63.4% African American, 0.0% Native American, 3.0% Asian, 1.1% from other races, and 2.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.1% of the population. 38.0% of occupied housing units were owner-occupied. 34.9% of housing units were vacant.</p><br>
<p>49.5% of the population were employed, 7.4% were unemployed, and 43.7% were not in the labor force. The median household income was $30,765. About 14.9% of families and 27.5% of the population were below the poverty line.</p><br>
<p>Saibai Island is an island of the Torres Strait Islands archipelago, located in the Torres Strait of Queensland, Australia. The island is situated north of the Australian mainland and south of the island of New Guinea.</p><br>
<p>Most of the island is held under native title, apart from some government infrastructure and historic buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island was formed by alluvial deposits from Papua New Guinean rivers.</p><br>
<p>Saibai Island is a fairly large low-lying island located 8 km south of the Papua New Guinea mainland. Close to the north of Saibai is the uninhabited Kauamag Island, separated from Saibai by a channel that is 7 km long, between 180 and wide, and nearly blocked at its east end.</p><br>
<p>The island is about 21.8 km in length by 5.2 km in width, and is flat, predominantly mangrove swamplands, with the highest point being 1.7 m above mean sea level, and prone to flooding during the wet season, which coincides with king tides. A bitumen airstrip allows year-round access.</p><br>
<p>Saibai is part of the north-western island group of Torres Strait, which consists of Saibai, Dauan and Boigu islands. Saibai lies approximately 5 km off the coast of New Guinea and is approximately 20 km long and 6 km wide. The island is an average of 1m above sea level and consists largely of mangrove fringe, flood plain and brackish swamps. The island is vulnerable to flooding and rising sea levels, particularly during the wet season when around 2m of water regularly falls onto the island. During the dry season however, the island experiences drought-like conditions.</p><br>
<p>The main village of Saibai, in the northwest, has a population of 171. The second village, Churum, in the southwest, numbers 128.</p><br>
<h2>Islanders</h2><br>
<p>Only a small proportion of the island is inhabited. In the 2016 Census, there were 465 people in Saibai Island. 84.0% of people were born in Australia. Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal people made up 85.6% of the population, with 70% of the population claiming Torres Strait Islander ancestry. The most common response for religion was Anglican at 44.9%.</p><br>
<p>The language spoken on Saibai is Kalaw Kawaw Ya (KKY). Saibai Islanders have always traded and had good relations with neighbouring Papuans. The Saibai Islanders converted to Christianity in 1871 with the arrival of the London Missionary Society.</p><br>
<p>Saibai, Boigu and Dauan society is Buwai "clan" based, there being two major Buwai, the Koeibuwai "Great Clan" and the Moegina Buwai; each major clan is divided into totemic subclans, such as the Samu Augadh "Cassomwary Clan", Koedal Augadh "Crocodile clan" and others. All social, food gathering, family business and traditional religion circles around clan relationships. The Saibaians have been legally acknowledged as being the Traditional Owners of Saibai. They are of Melanesian origin and lived in village communities following traditional patterns of hunting, fishing, agriculture and trade for many thousands of years before contact was made with the first European visitors to the region. Strong kinship and trade ties exist between the people of Saibai, Mt Cornwallis and Boigu Islands and coastal Papuan communities.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>European contact</h3><br>
<p>In the 1860s, beche-de-mer (sea cucumber) and pearling boats began working the reefs of Torres Strait. The first European to visit Saibai was probably a beche-de-mer operator named John Delargy, who visited the island with his South Sea Islander crew in 1869 while searching for a lost whaleboat. Delargy established friendly relations with the people of Saibai, trading goods and sharing a feast with the Islanders. Pearling bases were never established on Saibai but in the 1870s European pearl and beche-de-mer operators began recruiting men from Saibai to work on their luggers.</p><br>
<p>Torres Strait Islanders refer to the arrival of London Missionary Society (LMS) missionaries at Erub in July 1871 as "the Coming of the Light". After visiting Darnley Island and Tudu, the LMS missionaries led by Rev. Samuel McFarlane and Reverend A.W. Murray travelled to Mt Cornwallis Island (now Dauan Island) and Saibai islands. Two South Sea Islander lay pastors named Josaia and Sivene were appointed to work as missionary teachers at Mt Cornwallis and Saibai. LMS missionaries revisited Mt Cornwallis and Saibai in 1872 and found that Josaia and Sivene had been accepted by the Islanders and given land by the local chiefs. However, increased contact with the outside world brought new diseases to the islands and, during the 1870s, a measles epidemic significantly reduced the population of Saibai.</p><br>
<p>In 1872, the Queensland Government sought to extend its jurisdiction and requested the support of the British Government. Letters Patent were issued by the British government in 1872 creating a new boundary for the colony which encompassed all islands within a 60 nautical mile radius of the coast of Queensland. This boundary was further extended to 96 km by the Queensland Coast Islands Act 1879 (Qld) and included the islands of Boigu, Darnley, Murray and Saibai, which lay beyond the previous 60 nautical mile limit. The new legislation enabled the Queensland Government to control and regulate bases for the beche-de-mer and pearling industries, which previously had operated outside its jurisdiction.</p><br>
<p>From the late 1870s onwards, the coastal communities of Papua and the islands of Saibai, Boigu and Mt Cornwallis were raided by warriors of the Marind-Anim or Tugeri people from Dutch-controlled West Papua. A retaliatory expedition led by British officials based in Daru in 1896 diminished the threat of the Marind-Anim but sporadic raids on Saibai, Boigu and Mt Cornwallis islands and Papua continued well into the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>The English scientist and anthropologist Alfred Cort Haddon first visited the Torres Straits in 1888. Haddon originally came to the Torres Straits to study the coral reefs but soon became fascinated by the traditional culture and way of life of the Torres Strait Islander people. Haddon returned to the Torres Straits in 1898 with the Cambridge University anthropological expedition. The Cambridge expedition spent 7 months in the Torres Straits including a stay at Saibai, documenting the Torres Strait Islander people and their culture. The expedition collected artefacts, took down genealogies, re-created ceremonies and used wax cylinders and early movie cameras to make the first sound recordings and films in the Torres Strait.</p><br>
<p>Over time, the Queensland Government began to exert more influence on the lives of Torres Strait Islander people. John Douglas, the government Resident at Thursday Island, initially shielded Torres Strait Islanders from the controlling provisions of the Aboriginal Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897. After Douglas died in 1904, the administration that followed began to assert control over Torres Strait Islander labour and savings accounts and imposed restrictions on Islander movement to and from the mainland.</p><br>
<p>In November 1912, an area of 35,000 acres of land on Saibai was officially gazetted as an Aboriginal reserve by the Queensland Government. Many other Torres Strait Islands were gazetted as Aboriginal reserves at the same time. Shortages of food on Saibai were mentioned in a government report dating from 1912. Between 1914 and 1918, a religious movement known as "German Wislin" emerged on Saibai. The Wislin believers predicted that the Germans would win World War One and reward the people of Saibai with a cargo of gifts which would be brought to the island by steamer. After Britain and her allies defeated Germany in 1918, the Wislin movement died away.</p><br>
<p>During the 1920s and 1930s racial legislation was strictly applied to Torres Strait Islanders enabling the government to remove Islanders to reserves and mission across Queensland. A small number of documented removals from Saibai occurred between 1909 and 1941; 2 people were removed to Palm Island and 1 person was taken to Yarrabah.</p><br>
<p>In 1936, around 70% of the Torres Strait Islander workforce went on strike in the first organised challenge against government authority made by Torres Strait Islanders. The nine-month strike was an expression of Islanders’ anger and resentment at increasing government control of their livelihoods. The strike was a protest against government interference in wages, trade and commerce and also called for the lifting of evening curfews, the removal of the permit system for inter-island travel and the recognition of Islanders’ right to recruit their own boat crews. Three men were gaoled on Saibai in 1936 by the authorities after strike protests occurred on the island.</p><br>
<p>The strike produced a number of significant reforms and innovations. Unpopular local Protector J D McLean was removed and replaced by Cornelius O’Leary who established a system of regular consultations with elected Islander council representatives. The new Island councils were given a degree of autonomy, including control over local police and courts.</p><br>
<p>On 23 August 1937, O’Leary convened the first Inter Islander Councillors Conference at Masig. Representatives from 14 Torres Strait communities attended the conference. Namabai Atu, Mareko, Soki and Enosa represented Saibai at the conference. After lengthy discussions, unpopular bylaws (including the evening curfews) were cancelled and a new code of local representation was agreed upon. In 1939, the Queensland Government passed the Torres Strait Islander Act 1939, which incorporated many of the recommendations discussed at the conference. A key section of the new act officially recognised Torres Strait Islanders as a separate people from Aboriginal Australians.</p><br>
<p>During World War Two, the Australian Government recruited Torres Strait Islander men to serve in the armed forces. Enlisted men from Saibai and other island communities formed the Torres Strait Light Infantry. While the Torres Strait Light Infantry were respected as soldiers, they only received one third of the pay given to white Australian servicemen.</p><br>
<p>On 31 December 1943, members of the Torres Strait Light Infantry went on strike calling for equal pay and equal rights. The Australian Government agreed to increase their pay to two thirds the level received by white servicemen. Full back pay was offered in compensation to the Torres Strait servicemen by the Australian Government in the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>At the end of World War Two, the Queensland Government introduced measures to compensate Torres Strait Islanders for their contribution to the war effort and to populate the north as a defence against foreign invasion. After the war, enlisted Torres Strait Islander men from Saibai, Boigu and Mt Cornwallis islands also discussed the possibility of developing a community on the mainland. Saibai elder, Bamaga Ginau, supported the proposal.</p><br>
<p>In 1947, king tides caused serious damage to properties and gardens across Saibai. The village of Saibai was totally flooded by 10 m of water. Erosion and a lack of freshwater were concerns. Bamaga Ginau called a meeting regarding the future of Saibai and after much discussion a number of families made the decision to leave Saibai and move to the Cape York Peninsula.</p><br>
<p>The first families left Saibai on the pearl luggers Millard and Macoy and arrived at Muttee Heads in June 1947, where they established a temporary settlement in abandoned army facilities. In July 1948, the Queensland Government gazetted 44,500 acres extending from Red Island Point to Kennedy Inlet and the Cowal Creek mission, as a reserve for the use of the Torres Strait Islanders.</p><br>
<p>In 1948, Mugai Elu and Tumena Sagaukaz left Saibai with their families and moved to Red Island Point. The Islanders at Muttee Heads relocated to a new settlement inland from Red Island Point in 1952. The new settlement was named Bamaga in honour of the leader of the migration, Bamaga Ginau. The smaller community at Red Island Point changed its name to Seisia in 1977.</p><br>
<p>After gaining its independence from Australia in 1975, Papua New Guinea asserted its right to the islands and waters of the Torres Straits. In December 1978, a treaty was signed by the Australian and Papua New Guinea governments that described the boundaries between the 2 countries and the use of the sea area by both parties. The Torres Strait Treaty, which operated from February 1985, contains special provision for free movement (without passports or visas) between both countries. There is constant traffic throughout the year between Saibai and Papua New Guinea. Free movement between communities applies to traditional activities, such as fishing, trading and family gatherings, which occur in a specifically created Protected Zone and nearby areas. The Protected Zone also assists in the preservation and protection of the land, sea, air and native plant and animal life of the Torres Strait.</p><br>
<h3>Local government</h3><br>
<p>On 30 March 1985, the Saibai community elected three councillors to constitute an autonomous Saibai Council established under the Community Services (Torres Strait) Act 1984. This Act conferred local government type powers and responsibilities upon Torres Strait Islander councils for the first time. The council area, previously an Aboriginal reserve held by the Queensland Government, was transferred on 21 October 1985 to the trusteeship of the council under a Deed of Grant in Trust.</p><br>
<p>In March 2000, the elections for the Saibai Council were conducted on a clan basis. Seven councillors were elected to represent each of the 7 traditional clans. Each clan elected its own councillor. This system of representation has been maintained for the Saibai community forum.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, the Local Government Reform Commission recommended that the 15 Torres Strait Island councils be abolished and the Torres Strait Island Regional Council (TSIRC) be established in their place. In elections conducted under the Local Government Act 1993 on 15 March 2008, members of the 15 communities comprising the</p><br>
<p>TSIRC local government area each voted for a local councillor and a mayor to constitute a council consisting of 15 councillors plus a mayor.</p><br>
<p>In January 2012, very high tides inundated the island&#39;s cemetery and damaged sacred gravesites.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listings</h2><br>
<p>Saibai Island has a number of heritage-listed sites, including the Holy Trinity Church.</p><br>
<p>The Saltoro Mountains are a subrange of the Karakoram Range. They are located in the heart of the Karakoram, on the southwest side of the Siachen Glacier, one of the two longest glaciers outside the polar regions. The name given to this range is shared with the Saltoro Valley which is located to the west of this range, downslope on the Pakistan side of the Actual Ground Position Line.</p><br>
<p>The Saltoro Mountains are part of the Lesser Karakorams on the southern and western side of the large Karakoram-glaciers (Siachen, Baltoro, Biafo and Hispar Glacier from east to west) while the main ridge of the Karakorams lies north resp. east of these glaciers. The subranges of the main ridges are called Muztagh whereas the mountain groups of the Lesser Karakorams are denominated as Mountains, Ranges or Groups.</p><br>
<p>They are claimed as part of Jammu and Kashmir by India and as part of Gilgit–Baltistan by Pakistan. Between 1984 and 1987, India assumed military control of the main peaks and passes of the range, with Pakistani forces holding the glacial valleys just to the west. Hence, despite high peaks and dramatic climbing opportunities, they are little visited except by military forces due to the ongoing Siachen Conflict.</p><br>
<p>On the southwest side, the Saltoro Mountains drop steeply to the valleys of the Kondus and Dansam Rivers, which join to form the Saltoro River, a tributary of the Shyok River. This in turn flows into the Indus River. To the northwest, the Kondus Glacier separates the range from the neighboring Masherbrum Mountains, while on the southeast, the Gyong River, Glacier, and Pass (Gyong La) separate the northern Saltoro Mountains from the southern Saltoro Mountains or "Kailas Mountains" (not to be confused with Tibet&#39;s sacred Mount Kailash).</p><br>
<h2>Selected peaks</h2><br>
<p>The following is a table of the peaks in the Saltoro Mountains which are over 7,200 m in elevation and have over 500 m of topographic prominence.</p><br>
<p>(This is a common criterion for peaks of this stature to be independent.)</p><br>
<p>Varaldsøy is an island  in the municipality of Kvinnherad in Hordaland county, Norway. The 45.4 km&sup2; island is the largest island in the Hardangerfjorden. Most of the inhabitants live on the southern tip of the island in the village of Varaldsøy, where Varaldsøy Church is located. The 600 m tall mountain Øyefjellet is the highest point on the island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island was historically a part of Strandebarm municipality until 1902 when it was transferred to the new Varaldsøy Municipality. The island made up the majority of the municipality (plus some of the mainland to the west and north). In 1965, the municipality of Varaldsøy was dissolved in a period of municipal consolidations in Norway. The island was then transferred to the municipality of Kvinnherad.</p><br>
<p>The Mlava  is a river in Serbia, 158 km long right tributary of the Danube.</p><br>
<h2>Origin</h2><br>
<p>Mlava originates as the Tisnica, from the Kučaj mountains in eastern Serbia, under the Veliki Krš peak. It flows to the north and curves around the eastern slopes of the mountain Beljanica, through an almost uninhabited area. Reaching the Homolje region, the Tisnica receives from the right a very powerful outflow of the karst well of Žagubičko vrelo (Žagubica well), at an altitude of 320 meters, and from that point the river is known as the Mlava. Measured from the Žagubičko vrelo, the river is 122 km long.</p><br>
<h2>Upper course (Homolje region)</h2><br>
<p>Originally, the Mlava flows to the northwest, but soon turns to the north, which is the general direction it follows for the rest of its course. It flows next to the Žagubica, the main center of Homolje valley, and the villages of Izvarica (where it receives from the right the Jošanička reka), Ribare, Sige and Ladne Vode.</p><br>
<p>In this section, the Mlava carved a long gorge, Gornjčako-ribarska klisura (Cyrillic: Горњачко-рибарска клисура; The gorge of Gornjak-Ribare), which begins at the Ribare, than it widens into the Krepoljin widening (where the large village of Krepoljin is located), and narrows again. Breaking through the ending part of the gorge at the village of Ždrelo, near the monastery of Gornjak, the Mlava leaves the Homolje for the Mlava region.</p><br>
<h2>Middle course (Mlava region)</h2><br>
<p>In this section, the Mlava valley widens, as the river flows next to the villages of Šetonje, Malo Laole, Veliko Laole, and reaches the town of Petrovac na Mlavi, the center of the whole Mlava region. It continues to the north, passes through the villages of Kamenovo, Trnovče and Rašanac and enters the hilly region of Stig.</p><br>
<h2>Lower course (Stig region)</h2><br>
<p>In the lower part of the Mlava is divided into many parallel flows and causes frequent floods, and although many settlements are located near the river, none is on its shore. The villages near the Mlava are: Veliko Selo, Toponica, Kalište, Malo Crniće, Veliko Crniće, Salakovac, Trnjane, Nabrde, Bubushinac and Bradarac. In this part, in Mlava, its two largest tributaries are on the left side of the Chokordin and Vitovnica on the right. One Mlava sleeve runs several kilometers from Pozarevac and the width of the trough is 35-60m in the depth of the trough is 2-3m, while the width of the second trough (Mogila is 10-20m and the depth is 1 to 1, 5м.</p><br>
<p>The last two settlements on the Mlace are the village Drmno and the town Kostolac. In both places there are coal coal and are located in the center of Kostolac basin. Mlava does not affect the main drainage of Danube, but in Topla Mlava at a height of 65 meters, which is created by a brush from which the hot water from the lake (TE KOSTOLAC B canal) is released. In the rainy years, Wild Mlava spreads over 100 m while the normal width of that part of Mlava near Bradarac and Drmna is only 45-80 m, and the normal depth is about 3-4 m. Some geographers call this Wild Mlava system, while Warm Mlava is considered as the final part of the Mlava stream, until Mlava turns its old trough "Cold Mlava" (Donja Mogila), east of Kostolac.</p><br>
<h2>Warm Mlava</h2><br>
<p>Warm Mlava (Topla Mlava) is a channel that connects Mlava (Wild Mlava) with the Danube east of the village of Selo Kostolac and west of the Kostolac B TPP. Its length is 4.3 km from the brush to the mouth, and from the yellow bridge (Viminacijum Bridge) to the intersection of 6.1 km. Its characteristics are warm water that comes out of the brush because of which there are plenty of fish and its biggest resident is pike. The width is about 3 to 7 normal Mlava basins (90-210 m) and the depth is up to 10 m.</p><br>
<h2>Characteristics</h2><br>
<p>Drainage area of The Mlava covers 5,880 km³ and belongs the Black Sea drainage area.</p><br>
<p>Average annual discharge at the mouth is 41 m³/s. The river&#39;s huge possibility in hydroelectricity in the gorge of Gornjak-Ribare is not used. The dam would also help to prevent floods below the artificial lake that would be created.</p><br>
<p>Ringedalsvatnet is a lake in the municipality of Odda in Hordaland county, Norway. The 7 km&sup2; lake lies about 3.5 km east  from the village of Tyssedal, which sits on the shore of the Sørfjorden. The lake is the main reservoir for a hydroelectric power station in Tyssedal which provides electricity for the power intensive industries in the nearby town of Odda. The 521 m wide and 33 m high Ringedals Dam was constructed from 1910&ndash;1918.</p><br>
<p>Due to the extensive regulation of the nearby lakes such as Langavatnet and Nybuvatnet in the mountains above this lake, several of the large waterfalls that once fed Ringedalsvatnet are no longer regularly flowing. The Tyssestrengene and Ringedalsfossen waterfalls were once very notable waterfalls on the cliffs surrounding this lake. The Trolltunga cliff overlooks this lake too, attracting many tourists and hikers each year.</p><br>
<p>Vangsvatnet is a lake in the municipality of Voss in Hordaland county, Norway. The 7.69 km&sup2; lake lies in the central part of the municipality, on the southwestern shore of the municipal centre of Vossevangen. The Vosso River flows through both Vangsvatnet and the lake Evangervatnet before it empties into Bolstadfjorden by the village of Bolstadøyri to the west.</p><br>
<p>The lake is used for various water-based extreme sports activities like Kite surfing and boat dragged paragliding. Vangsvatnet is named after the place Vangen&mdash;the municipal center and old churchsite of Voss. The last element is the finite form of vatn, meaning lake. The European route E16 and the Bergensbanen railway line both run along the northern shore of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Løkjelsvatnet or Lykilsvatnet is a regulated lake in the municipality of Etne in Hordaland county, Norway. The 4.51 km&sup2; lake lies about 10 km east of the village of Etnesjøen. Water from the lake falls 400 m vertically in tunnels and pipelines to the Hardeland hydroelectric power station. The site is operated by Haugaland Kraft.</p><br>
<p>The Haugesund section of the Norwegian Mountain Touring Association operates the Løkjelsvatn cabin on the west shore of the lake, and there are marked maintain paths connecting the area to the rest of a nationwide network of paths. The lake has a rich population of brown trout which is popular among fishermen.</p><br>
<p>A group of eleven domesticated reindeer were introduced to the Etnefjellet mountain area in 1990, and the herd has adopted the Løkjelsvatnet lake area as its main habitat. This herd is now viewed and administered as if it were a wild herd.</p><br>
<p>The Rimo Muztagh is one of the most remote subranges of the Karakoram range. The southern part of Rimo Muztagh is in the Kashmir portion of far northwestern India, also claimed by Pakistan. The northern half, including the Rimo massif, is in the Siachen area . It is far from major towns, and close to the militarily sensitive Siachen Glacier, so it has seen little exploration or climbing activity compared to, for example, the nearby Baltoro Muztagh. The highest peak is Mamostong Kangri, 7,516 metres .</p><br>
<p>The Rimo Muztagh is bordered on the north by the Rimo Glacier, which drains to the east into the upper Shyok River, and by the Teram Shehr Glacier, a tributary of the Siachen Glacier. To the northeast lie the Northeast Rimo Mountains and the Karakoram Pass, a pass on one of the historically important trade routes into Central Asia. To the north lies the eastern end of the Siachen Muztagh. On the east side of the range, the upper Shyok River divides it from the Depsang Plains, part of the Tibetan Plateau. On the southeast, the pass known as the Sasser Pass (Saser La) separates the Rimo Muztagh from the Saser Muztagh. The western border of the range is formed by the lower Siachen Glacier and its outflow, the Nubra River. Across this boundary lie the Saltoro Mountains and the Kailas Mountains.</p><br>
<h2>Selected peaks of the Rimo Muztagh</h2><br>
<p>The following is a table of the peaks in the Rimo Muztagh which are over 7,200 meters (23,622 feet) in elevation and have over 500 meters (1,524 feet) of topographic prominence.</p><br>
<p>(This is a common criterion for peaks of this stature to be independent.)</p><br>
<h3>Other peaks</h3><br>
<p>Other notable peaks include the following:</p><br>
<p>Chong Kumdang Ri I, 7,071 m</p><br>
<p>Padmanabh / Terong Tower, 7,030 m</p><br>
<p>Skyampoche Ri I / Aq Tash I, 7,016 m</p><br>
<p>Chong Kumdang Ri II, 7,004 m</p><br>
<p>Rhodes Memorial Hall, commonly known as Rhodes Hall, is a historic house located in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. It was built as the home of furniture magnate Amos Giles Rhodes, proprietor of Atlanta-based Rhodes Furniture. The Romanesque Revival house occupies a prominent location on Peachtree Street, the main street of Atlanta, and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. It is open to the public and has been the home of The Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation since 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Inspiration</h2><br>
<p>Rhodes Hall is a Romanesque Revival 9,000 ft&sup2; house inspired by the Rhineland castles that Rhodes admired on a trip to Europe in the late 1890s. Architect Willis F. Denny designed the unique home with Stone Mountain granite, incorporating medieval Romanesque, Victorian, and Arts and Crafts designs as well as necessary adaptations for an early 20th-century home. After two years of construction, the house was completed in 1904.</p><br>
<h2>Victorian architecture</h2><br>
<p>Known as Le Rêve ("The Dream"), Rhodes Hall is one of the finest intact expressions of medievalism and late Victorian architectural design in Atlanta. The grandest feature of the interior is a magnificent series of stained and painted glass windows that rise above a carved mahogany staircase. The three-panel series depicts the rise and fall of the Confederacy from Fort Sumter to Appomattox, and includes medallion portraits of over a dozen Confederates. These confederate officers include ardent opponents of reconstruction (Robert Toombs, 1810-1885), a Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan (Nathan Bedford Forrest, 1821-1877), and the head of the Ku Klux Klan in the State of Georgia (John B. Gordon, 1832-1904).</p><br>
<h2>Characteristics</h2><br>
<p>The house cost Rhodes $50,000 to build in 1904. Wired for electricity when it was built, Rhodes Hall is a prime example of the fascination that new technology held for Atlantans at the turn of the century. Over 300 light bulbs light the entire house. The house also had electric call buttons in most rooms as well as a security system. Among the materials used to build the home, the mahogany was from the West Indies and the exterior granite was brought over in 500-pound (227 kg) blocks in wagons from Stone Mountain, located about 25 mi east of Atlanta.</p><br>
<p>Although Rhodes Hall is now surrounded by commercial buildings and heavy traffic, it has survived damage due to careful historic preservation and restoration efforts. After the death of Rhodes and his wife, their children deeded the house to the USA state of Georgia, with a restriction that it be used for "historic purposes". It was used to house the Georgia State Archives from 1930 to 1965. After the Archives moved to a more modern building, Rhodes Hall continued to provide archive services as a branch.</p><br>
<p>In 1983 Rhodes Hall was transferred to the Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation, which undertook a long-term restoration program. The main stair and windows, which had been moved to the new Archives, were brought back and re-installed in 1990.</p><br>
<p>From 1984 to 1992, the house was a haunted house attraction every year for Halloween, prior to renovation and conversion to museum.</p><br>
<h2>House museum</h2><br>
<p>Rhodes Hall is used as both an event space and as the offices of the Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation. There are house tours on Saturdays (from 10 - 2, the last tour starts at 1) and group tours can be given on other days with advance arrangement. Rhodes Hall is also available for rentals including weddings, receptions, corporate events, cocktail gatherings, and birthday parties.</p><br>
<h2>Rhodes Center</h2><br>
<p>In 1937, the Rhodes Center, Atlanta&#39;s first shopping center, was built on the north, west and south sides of Rhodes Hall (). Only the south building remains.</p><br>
<p>Bombergers Distillery, more recently Michters Distillery, is a non-operating distillery facility that was, at the end of the twentieth century, believed to be the oldest remaining such building in the United States. The distillery closed in 1989 and may have since been demolished. Although there are whiskey products currently on the market using the Bombergers and Michters brand names, they are more recently introduced products that have no direct connection to the old distillery.</p><br>
<p>The complex, located near Schaefferstown, Pennsylvania, represented the transformation of whiskey distilling from an agricultural enterprise into a large-scale industry. The surviving still house, warehouse, and jug house date from about 1840, but the site has a documented history of spirit production since 1753.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1753, John and Michael Shenk, Swiss Mennonite farmers, began distilling rye whiskey at the site. John Shenks son-in-law, Rudolph Meyer, acquired the distillery and another relative, John Kratzer, ran the business from 1827 to about 1860. Several of the buildings date to Kratzers tenure. About 1860, Abraham Bomberger, a Pennsylvania Dutchman who had ties to the Shenk family, purchased the distillery from the Kratzer family. With Prohibition the distillery closed in 1919. Ephraim Sechrist bought the distillery in 1920, but did not operate it until 1934 after Prohibition ended, selling it to Louis Forman in 1942. Forman sold the distillery soon after he was drafted for service in World War II, but repurchased it in 1950 after two other owners. One of these owners was Schenley Distilleries.</p><br>
<p>Forman and his master distiller, Charles Everett Beam, of the well known Kentucky distilling family, designed a premium old-fashioned pot-still mash whiskey that they named "Michters Original Sour Mash Whiskey" after Formans sons Michael and Peter.</p><br>
<p>In 1951 Forman distilled the first batch of Michters, but by the time it had aged the required six years a recession prevented him from selling it. The distillery was acquired by Pennco Distillers, while Forman kept the formula and the aged whiskey. Pennco then used the facility for contract distilling until 1978 and Forman distributed Michters Whiskey through his liquor wholesaling business. About 1978 Forman and his Lebanon County backers organized Michter’s Distillery, Inc., which bought the distillery at the foreclosure sale of Pennco. Mitcher&#39;s and the distillery finally closed in 1989 after a bankruptcy filling.</p><br>
<p>Today the distillery is severely deteriorated from lack of maintenance and the former owner, a woodworker named Dwight Hostetter, sold it in 2011 to John Barry of JJC Investments.</p><br>
<p>Since 2004, whiskeys, including bourbon, rye, and a version of the Michters Original Sour Mash brand, made in Kentucky, have been sold under the Michters label, now owned by Chatham Imports, Inc. The company has built a new distillery in Louisville, also known as the Michter&#39;s Distillery, with spirit production having commenced.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, Heritage Spirits began using the Bomberger&#39;s Distillery brand name on a small-production blend of straight whiskeys sourced from other distilleries. The blending and bottling of the new brand is done at the Thistle Finch Distillery in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>Due to the images of the Google Earth, the distillery has been demolished in the last years.</p><br>
<p>The Willamette Falls Locks are a lock system on the Willamette River in the US state of Oregon. Opened in 1873 and closed since 2011, they allowed boat traffic on the Willamette to navigate beyond Willamette Falls – since their closure in 2011 the locks are classified to be in a "non-operational status" and are expected to remain permanently closed.</p><br>
<p>Located in the Portland metropolitan area, the four inter-connected locks are 25 miles upriver from the Columbia River at West Linn, just across the Willamette River from Oregon City. The locks are operated by the United States Army Corps of Engineers and served primarily pleasure boats. These locks were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Willamette Falls Canal and Locks Company (later renamed Portland General Electric) was formed in 1868 to build a navigation route around the falls. Construction then began on building a canal and lock system around the west end of the falls. The locks opened on January 1, 1873, as the first multi-lift navigation locks in the United States at a cost of $560,000, and had been in continuous use until 2008. Maria Wilkins, a steamship, was the first vessel to use the locks. The Army Corps of Engineers purchased the lock system from Portland General Electric in 1915 for $375,000. The locks were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h3>Repairs and closure</h3><br>
<p>With no funding available to perform needed inspections and repairs, the locks were closed in January 2008. In April 2009, as part of the federal government&#39;s economic stimulus plan, $1.8 million was allocated to repair and inspect the locks, with an additional $900,000 allocated in October 2009 for additional repairs and operational costs. The locks reopened in January 2010 with the Willamette Queen the first vessel to pass. The locks were open through the summer of 2010, and then due to a lack of federal funding for operations, were not scheduled to reopen for 2011.</p><br>
<p>In December 2011, the locks were again closed, this time owing to the excessive corrosion of the locks&#39; gate anchors. The further deterioration of the locks resulted in the USA Army Corps of Engineers reclassifying the locks as being in a "non-operational status," out of concern that any further operation of the locks could lead to a failure of the locks, posing a safety risk. The locks are expected to remain permanently closed, as the lack of traffic through the locks makes funding for any repairs a low priority. However, some interest groups are urging the Army Corps of Engineers to reopen the locks, at least seasonally, and the Clackamas County Board of Commissioners added its support to that effort in December 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Details</h2><br>
<p>The locks are owned and were operated by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, and passage through the locks was free for both commercial and recreational boats. There are seven gates in four chambers which lift up to 50 feet (15.5 m) elevation change (depending on tides and river flow) with a usable width of 37 feet (11.2 m). The system is 3565 feet (1087 m) long, and can accommodate vessels up to 175 feet (53.3 m) long. Each of the four concrete constructed chambers are 210 feet by 40 feet.</p><br>
<p>The Tordino is a river flowing in the province of Teramo, in the Abruzzo region of central Italy. In Roman times it may have been known as "Batinus".</p><br>
<p>The source of the Tordino is located between Monte Gorzano and Pelone, in the Monti della Laga subchain of the Apennines. After a course of 58 km, it flows into the Adriatic Sea. The river initially flows in a torrent to the east through the Gran Sasso National Park, then directs to the north around Mount Bilanciere before flowing in a south-easterly direction. The river curves northward near Torricella Sicura and flows past Teramo. The river flows northeast past San Nicolò a Tordino and Castellalto before flowing into the Adriatic Sea near Giulianova and Cologna Spiaggia.</p><br>
<p>Near its source, the Tordino forms the Fiumata cascades and, a bit further along, the Tordino cascades. It then passes through Padula and Caiano, frazioni of the comune of Cortino. Watermills and olive oil presses are located in the higher elevations. The town of Teramo is located at the junction where the Tordino meets the Vezzola river. The mouth of the rivers is in the town of Giulianova. The Tordino river basin covers an area of approximately 453 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>Tributaries on the left bank of the Tordino include the protective irrigation drain known as the Cavata (including three terraces and their associated cascades near the source of the Tordino), the Rivettino, the Castiglione, the Rivoletto, the Rio Verde, the large ditch known as "The Inferno," the 9 km Fiumicino stream, and the Vezzola river. A large portion of the water of the Vezzola (which begins near the town of Rocca Santa Maria, has a length of 19 km, and passes through the Torricella Sicura community) is used by the ENEL (Ente Nazionale per l&#39;Energia Elettrica) utility company to produce electricity.</p><br>
<p>Tributaries on the right bank of the Tordino include the Movese and Elce irrigation drains. Also located on the side is a stream known as the Fiumicello, this being formed by the watershed from the slopes of Mount Bilanciere.</p><br>
<p>Dniester Estuary, or Dniester Liman  is a liman, formed at the point where the river Dniester flows into the Black Sea. It is located in Ukraine, in Odessa Oblast. The city of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi lies on its western shore and Ovidiopol on its eastern shore. Shabo, situated downstream of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi, is known for its wine. The estuary hosts the Bilhorod-Dnistrovsky Seaport.</p><br>
<p>The area of the liman varies between 360 and 408 km², it is 42.5 km long and has maximum width of 12 km. The average depth is 1.8 m, the maximum depth 2.7 m.</p><br>
<p>The place where Dniester Estuary flows into the Black Sea is called Zatoka. On this place is built one of the most popular Ukrainian Black Sea recreation zones: Zatoka resort</p><br>
<p>Lake Washington is the largest lake in Brevard County, Florida at 4,362 acre. The lake may have been named for the USA Deputy Surveyor Colonel Henry Washington, after he surveyed the area in 1844.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>It is the 41st largest lake in the state of Florida. It is approximately 4 by and 10 to 15 ft deep.</p><br>
<p>Located adjacent to the City of Melbourne, it is the single most important source of fresh water for the city and the surrounding areas. It furnishes two-thirds of the water to Melbourne&#39;s 150,000 customers.</p><br>
<p>The John A. Buckley Surface Water Treatment Plant is located nearby. It is owned by the City of Melbourne and furnishes it, and other cities, with potable water. The water main is 36 in in diameter.</p><br>
<p>It is one of the lakes that make up the St. Johns River system. Further downstream is the neighboring Lake Winder.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>Exit 183 off Interstate 95 provides access to the lake.</p><br>
<p>At the dead end of Lake Washington Road is Lake Washington Park, where boating is permitted. The park contains a playground and pavilions for parties.</p><br>
<h2>Nearby cities</h2><br>
<p>The Lake Washington neighborhood of Melbourne borders the lake.</p><br>
<p>Melbourne</p><br>
<p>West Melbourne</p><br>
<p>Melbourne Village</p><br>
<p>Palm Bay</p><br>
<p>Idora Park  was a northeastern Ohio amusement park popularly known as "Youngstown&#39;s Million Dollar Playground."</p><br>
<p>Built by the Youngstown Park and Falls Street Railway Company, the parks expansion coincided with the growth of the South Side of Youngstown, Ohio, in the Fosterville neighborhood. Prior to its closure in the wake of a devastating fire, Idora Park was one of the nations few remaining urban amusement parks.</p><br>
<h2>Opening and early development</h2><br>
<p>The park opened as Terminal Park on May 30, 1899, which was Decoration Day (now known as Memorial Day). At that time in America, it was common for amusement parks called trolley parks to sprout at the end of trolley lines to generate weekend revenue. Without an admission fee, anyone who could afford the trolley fare could enter the park. This trolley park&#39;s first season presented its guests a bandstand, theater, dance pavilion, a roller coaster, a circle swing, and concession stands. It was later renamed Idora Park.</p><br>
<p>When a bridge spanning the Mahoning River opened on Youngstown&#39;s Market Street on May 23, 1899, the entire South Side was unrolled for development. The trolley line linking the downtown to Idora Park ran south on Market, west on Warren, south on Hillman Street, Sherwood west to Glenwood Avenue, then cruised through Parkview Avenue (west) into the Idora terminal.</p><br>
<h2>Major attractions</h2><br>
<h3>Roller coasters</h3><br>
<p>One of the park&#39;s many attractions was a wooden roller coaster with a length of 3,000 ft and the height of 85 feet high was called the Wild Cat, which opened in 1930. The state-of-the-art, three-minute ride was hailed by roller coaster connoisseurs across the country. The Wild Cat was designed by Herbert Paul Schmeck, who held 100 patents for roller coaster innovations. In 1984, the Wild Cat was still ranked among the top ten roller coasters in the world.</p><br>
<p>Another famous attraction to the park was the Jack Rabbit, a wooden roller coaster built in 1910 by TM Harden. It was 70 ft tall and 2,200 ft long, had a ride time of two minutes and thirty seconds, and was lengthened and recountered in the 1930s. In an attempt to bring people back to the park for the 1984 season, park owners reversed the trains of the Jack Rabbit and renamed it the Back Wabbit.</p><br>
<h3>Kiddieland</h3><br>
<p>The Kiddieland area was originally a giant concrete swimming pool. When the park was built, it included the pool and a large bath house. A large hole was drilled into the pool to connect to an underground saltwater spring, creating the only saltwater pool in the country. To address the parks space concerns, the pool was replaced with a childrens rides section during the 1950s. The bath house became a shelter and storage area.</p><br>
<p>The Kiddieland area included smaller and slower rides for children, some of which were touted as miniature versions of Idora Parks rides, such as the open-air of the. A small wooden roller coaster was considered a childrens version of one of the featured large-scale rollercoasters. Other attractions included an open air, roofed picnic table area (where attendees could serve food they brought from outside the park) and an old-fashioned automobile pathway which had a self-guiding track but allowed for a minor amount of steering so that even children could feel they were actually driving these low-powered gasoline vehicles. Childrens midway games were also present.</p><br>
<h3>Ballroom</h3><br>
<p>The Idora Park Ballroom opened June 30, 1910. The open-air ballroom was based on one in Coney Island, New York. It was billed as the largest dance floor between New York City and Chicago. The hardwood-floored ballroom eventually became enclosed to allow for year-round use.</p><br>
<p>Idora Parks house band played in the ballroom until the advent of radio in the 1930s. Radio increased the level of listener sophistication, and Idora Park soon began to hire to big-name bands. Subsequent decades brought glorious entertainment to the ballroom: dances, concerts, New Years parties, and Presidential campaign visits from John F. Kennedy. High-profile musical acts that played the ballroom included: the Glenn Miller Orchestra, the Tommy Dorsey Orchestra, the Eagles, Ray Charles, Maynard Ferguson, Blue Öyster Cult and The Monkees.</p><br>
<h2>Other attractions</h2><br>
<p>Additional attractions and features of Idora Park included Kooky Castle, a haunted house; Laffin Lena&#39;s, a funhouse (which featured a hall of mirrors); a small passenger train which traveled through the park; and a spinning ride with four bus-sized stainless steel open-air rocket ships which were attached by thick cables. The base of the rocket ride housed a french fry stand which was one of the most popular and famous items sold at Idora Park. Midway games, including a shooting gallery, were present in several locations of the park.</p><br>
<h2>Decline</h2><br>
<p>Idora Park thrived through the decades, yet it also faced continual competition from larger state and national amusement parks. Landlocked on its 27 acre, Idora had no options for expansion. As the automobile became the preferred mode of transportation, trolley lines died out, and so did many trolley parks. The primary reason Idora had survived was it had become the preferred location for ethnic, church, and company picnics.</p><br>
<p>Youngstown Sheet and Tube, one of the largest employers in the Mahoning Valley, announced the closure of one of its largest mills. The overnight loss of nearly 5,000 jobs greatly impacted the Youngstown region&#39;s economy and Idora Park directly.</p><br>
<p>During the hardship the community was suffering, Idora Park still boasted existing rides. The Idora Park Merry-Go-Round was named to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. In 1976, Idora Park was named one of the nations 100 best amusement parks in Gary Kyriazis book, Great American Amusement Parks. By 1980, the Wild Cat and Jack Rabbit were recognized in publications as some of the best coasters in the country.</p><br>
<p>Nonetheless, by the early 1980s, the park was a relic that also housed relics: it now housed rides from other parks, such as Euclid Beach Park in Cleveland and West View Park outside of Pittsburgh, that met their end in the 1960s and &#39;70s.</p><br>
<h3>1984 fire</h3><br>
<p>A devastating fire on April 26, 1984, destroyed the Wild Cat roller coaster, the Lost River ride, eleven concession stands, and the park office. Employees scrambled to save park records, but only some of the most current files were pulled to safety, while older files and historical records were lost. Employees tried to extinguish the growing flames with hand extinguishers, but soon realized that the fire was out of control.</p><br>
<p>Twelve fire companies responded to the fire, which spread quickly as winds carried it across concession stands and on to the midway. Many off-duty firefighters also responded to the call to help contain flames that spread along the Wild Cats wooden tracks and threatened the merry-go-round, which was scorched but ultimately saved from destruction. Firefighters found themselves at a disadvantage with a lack of in-park hydrants, poor water pressure, and aged wooden rides and buildings. They finally tamed the blaze by running lines to hydrants outside the park.</p><br>
<p>Final damage was estimated in millions of dollars. Intense heat melted paint in various areas of the gazebo. The south horseshoe of the Wild Cat was destroyed, and the repair cost was prohibitive.</p><br>
<p>The park operated through the summer of 1984, but with the premier ride gone, a decision was made to close permanently. Idora Park welcomed its last visitors on September 16, 1984.</p><br>
<p>On October 20–21, 1984, an auction was conducted by Norton Auctioneers of Coldwater, Michigan, to dispose of the rides and equipment. The remaining coasters (Wild Cat, Jack Rabbit, Baby Wild Cat), and many other buildings (Ballroom, Kiddieland complex, French Fry stand) were abandoned.</p><br>
<h2>New ownership</h2><br>
<p>In 1985, in Youngstown bought the Idora property and announced plans for a religious complex, to be named the "City of God". The Ballroom remained open for various events until Memorial Day 1986. The church lost the property in 1989 after accumulating more than $500,000 in debt on the land.</p><br>
<h3>Deterioration</h3><br>
<p>In an interview with the Youngstown Vindicator on October 16, 1984, former Idora Park owner Max Rindin was asked what would happen to the Park after it closed. “In time,” he said. “It’ll all be torched.” Gradually, his prophecy came true. Another fire at the abandoned park on May 3, 1986 destroyed the Heidelberg Gardens, Kooky Castle (haunted house), Laffin Lena&#39;s (fun house), and the Helter Skelter bumper car buildings. But until that fire, there was always a tangible reminder of Idora Park.</p><br>
<p>Over time, Mt. Calvary failed to build their religious complex, the property decayed, and it was not secured from trespassers. The former Idora Park&#39;s remaining structures were eventually vandalized, destroyed by natural elements, or succumbed to arson.</p><br>
<h3>Calls for preservation</h3><br>
<p>By 1999, Conneaut Lake Park Management Group (which had taken over Conneaut Lake Park in Conneaut Lake, Pennsylvania; about 65 mi from Idora Park), attempted to negotiate the purchase of either the Jack Rabbit or Wild Cat from the property owners. Blueprints for both rides were still available, so they could be refurbished at Conneaut. The group also planned to purchase the complete merry-go-round from the owners in New York. These plans never materialized. The ballroom, Jack Rabbit, and Wild Cat remained unpreserved on the property.</p><br>
<h3>2001 fire</h3><br>
<p>On March 5, 2001 the final chapter to Idora Parks history was written when the Ballroom burned down. The fire reportedly started in the basement and was suspicious in nature. The Jack Rabbit and other remaining wooden structures were not destroyed by this fire. Days after the fire, an interview with the property owners stated that they "offered to allow (preservation groups) to take the roller coasters down as long as they funded it and had proper insurance and bonding". However, on July 26, 2001 the Wild Cat, Jack Rabbit, and all other decaying structures (all unsalvageable) were demolished by bulldozers to prevent any future fires. City officials had asked that the coasters be removed since they were hazardous to the public. Both the Jack Rabbit and Wild Cat were listed on the American Coaster Enthusiasts (ACE) preservation list. Inaction by the park property owners to preserve these remaining Idora Park historic structures ultimately led to their destruction. In a 2001 news conference following the Ballrooms messy asbestos cleanup, Mt. Calvary Pentecostal Church restated that: "This future complex (City of God) will only help the entire community but especially youth... hopes to break ground no later than next spring (2002). The entire project should take at least two years to complete." As of May 3, 2013, Mt. Calvary Pentecostal Church has yet to break ground on the "City of God" project.</p><br>
<h2>Future development possibilities</h2><br>
<p>The property still belongs to Mt. Calvary Pentecostal Church. The land is now vacant of buildings and City of God project was never realized. However, "the Mahoning County Common Pleas Court dismissed the delinquent tax case against the owners of the former Idora Park...." The case was dismissed because one of the parties named in the suit, Teen Missions International, Inc. of Merritt Island, Florida, paid the delinquent taxes on behalf of Mt. Calvary Church. Teen Missions International helps churches and other religious organizations with financing different projects. Teen Missions has loaned nearly $1.2 million to Mount Calvary over a period of time to help develop the Idora property.</p><br>
<p>The Youngstown 2010 redevelopment and city revitalization plans have also stated their interest in acquiring the property to utilize it as a green space extension of nearby Mill Creek Park. These plans are on hold until the city can obtain the property from the Church (possibly through eminent domain), or alternative ownership acquires the property from the Church&#39;s outstanding $1.5 million lawsuit.</p><br>
<h2>Better fate of the carousel</h2><br>
<p>The Parachute Jump is a defunct amusement ride in Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York, whose iconic open-frame steel structure remains a Brooklyn landmark. 250 ft tall and weighing 170 tons , it has been called the "Eiffel Tower of Brooklyn".</p><br>
<p>It was originally built for the 1939 New York World&#39;s Fair in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, Queens, and moved to its current site, then part of the Steeplechase Park amusement park, in 1941. It is the only portion of Steeplechase Park still standing today. The ride ceased operations in 1964, when the park shut down for good.</p><br>
<p>The ride was based on functional parachutes which were held open by metal rings throughout the ascent and descent. Twelve cantilevered steel arms sprout from the top of the tower, each of which supported a parachute attached to a lift rope and a set of surrounding guide cables. Riders were belted into a two-person canvas seat hanging below the closed chute, then hoisted to the top, where a release mechanism would drop them, the descent slowed only by the parachute. Shock absorbers at the bottom, consisting of pole-mounted springs, cushioned the landing. Each parachute required three cable operators, keeping labor expenses high.</p><br>
<h2>Precursors</h2><br>
<p>Stanley Switlik and George P. Putnam, Amelia Earharts husband, built a 115 ft tower on Stanleys farm in Ocean County, New Jersey, now the site of Six Flags Great Adventure. Designed to train airmen in parachute jumping, the first public jump from the tower was made by Ms. Earhart on June 2, 1935.</p><br>
<p>The Parachute Drop was patented by retired USA Naval Commander James H. Strong and Stanley Switlik, who were inspired by primitive parachute practice towers he had seen in the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union had been using simple wooden towers to train paratroopers since the 1920s, and despite the dangers of the Soviet design, which used just a single guide cable and sometimes found the jumper colliding with the structure, the towers were employed for recreational use as well. Strong designed a safer version which included eight guide wires in a circle surrounding the parachute. In 1936, Strong secured a USA patent for his design, and he built several test platforms at his home in Hightstown, New Jersey in 1936 and 1937. The military platforms suspended a single rider in a harness and offered a few seconds of freefall after the release at the top, before the chutes opened to slow the fall. Civilians showed a great deal of interest in trying out the ride for themselves, and Strong was quick to turn his invention to non-military use as well, making some design changes in the process: a seat that could hold two, a larger parachute for a slower drop, the metal ring which held the parachute permanently open, and shock-absorbing springs to ease the final landing.</p><br>
<p>Strong sold military versions of the tower to the Romanian and USA militaries. He installed towers at a New Jersey training center, probably Fort Dix. Four were later installed in Fort Benning, Georgia. One was toppled in a 1954 tornado. Two appear to be in use. He also converted an existing observation tower in Chicagos Riverview Park into a six-chute amusement ride. This enterprise, the "Pair-O-Chutes", did brisk enough business to inspire Strong to apply to build and operate a jump at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair.</p><br>
<h2>Operation</h2><br>
<h3>1939 World's Fair</h3><br>
<p>The ride was built in 1939 for the Worlds fair, and towered over the fairs "Amusement Zone". The Life Savers company sponsored the ride, investing $15,000 and decorating the new tower with brightly lit candy-shaped rings. The official 1939 Fair guidebook describes the ride:</p><br>
<p>Eleven gaily-colored parachutes operated from the top of a 250-foot tower, enable visitors to experience all the thrills of "bailing out" without the hazard or discomfort. Each parachute has a double seat suspended from it. When two passengers have taken their places beneath the chute, a cable pulls it to the summit of the tower. An automatic release starts the drop, and the passengers float gently to the ground. Vertical guide wires prevent swaying, a metal ring keeps the chute open at all times, and shock-absorbers eliminate the impact of the landing. One of the most spectacular features of the Amusement Area, this is also a type of parachute jump similar to that which the armies of the world use in early stages of training for actual parachute jumping.</p><br>
<p>At one point entangled cables left a Mr. and Mrs. Cornelius Rathborne aloft for five hours; the next day they returned to ride again, probably at the behest of publicists for the ride or the fair. Another couple, Arno Rudolphi and Ann Hayward, were married on the ride in a celebrated "parachute wedding". The entire wedding party was suspended aloft until the newlyweds completed their vows and descended.</p><br>
<h3>Steeplechase Park</h3><br>
<p>After the fair, the Tilyou family, owners of Coney Island&#39;s Steeplechase Park, purchased the Parachute Jump for $150,000. It was disassembled and moved to its current location adjacent to the Riegelmann boardwalk, between West 16th and West 19th Streets. The ride required some modifications in its new, windier shore-side location.</p><br>
<p>The Jump, which attracted as many as half a million riders annually, During World War II, when much of the city adhered to a blackout, the ride stayed lit to serve as a navigational beacon.</p><br>
<p>Steeplechase Park, including the Parachute Jump, closed for good in 1964, the victim of rising crime, neighborhood decline, and competing entertainment. There has been some confusion as to whether the Jump immediately stopped operating or continued until 1968. The New York Times issued a correction in November 2003, stating that a report in a column earlier that month "gave an incorrect year from the Landmarks Preservation Commission for the shutdown of the ride. It occurred in 1964, when the rest of Steeplechase Park closed, not in 1968", while Kaufman&#39;s History says "The Jump continued to operate until 1968, part of a group of small scale rides operated on the now nearly vacant lot." The New York City Department of Parks & Recreation agrees with Kaufman, stating "the property was subleased to small ride operators and concessionaires, who ran the Parachute Jump until 1968." Subsequent research by Kaufman and others confirmed that the Jump did indeed give its final ride at the end of the 1964 season.</p><br>
<h3>Closure and restoration</h3><br>
<p>The Pair-O-Chutes &ndash; Strongs earlier jump tower built at Riverview Park in Chicago &ndash; was demolished in 1968, leaving the Coney Island tower, even if inoperable, as the only such civilian tower in the world. The site barely escaped a condominium development by Fred Trump, but public opposition and the expense of demolition scuttled the project. The City of New York acquired the Steeplechase site in 1969, and control of the Jump passed to the citys parks department, which attempted to sell it in 1971. No buyers were found, and demolition was considered but eventually rejected, due both to the high price to the city that demolition would cost and to a nascent preservation movement. Organizations including the Coney Island Chamber of Commerce and the Gravesend Historical Society made efforts to save the structure, which seemed to bear fruit in July 1977 when, after more than four years of consideration, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the tower a city landmark. The chairwoman of the commission took the opportunity to call it Brooklyns Eiffel Tower. Hope for the towers future was short-lived, though: only three months later the city Board of Estimate overturned the landmark designation, citing doubts about the tower&#39;s structural integrity. Demolition was again planned but never came to pass.</p><br>
<p>In 1980, the Parachute Jump was placed on the National Register of Historic Places, and in 1989, New York once again recognized it as a city landmark. Beginning in 1993, the City of New York painted and stabilized the structure, painting it in its original colors, but the structure still suffers from rust in the salt air. With Coney Island in a period of revival, including the minor league baseball stadium MCU Park next door, a $5 million restoration plan by the New York City Economic Development Corporation has been underway since 2002, the upper part of the structure was completely dismantled, and steel structural elements were being completely replaced as necessary. There has been serious discussion of making the ride operable. This would require significant redesign to meet modern safety standards, however, and expert amusement-ride consultants wonder whether this would be possible in a modern litigious environment.</p><br>
<p>The City&#39;s Economic Development Corporation (EDC) assumed responsibility for the Jump in 2000. Originally, it was planned that the city would reopen the Parachute Jump as an actual ride, but it was dismissed as too costly. The planned renovation would have cost $20 million, excluding the large amount of insurance that would need to be paid in order to operate the ride.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, the Parachute Jump was the focus of an architecture competition by the Coney Island Development Corporation and the Van Alen Institute which drew over 800 entries. The 7,800 ft&sup2; Parachute Pavilion, at the base of the Jump, will be an all-season activity center including a souvenir shop, restaurant, bar, and exhibition space. The winning design team was Kevin Carmody, Andrew Groarke, Chris Hardie and Lewis Kinneir, of London. Their design follows strict guidelines to harmonize with the landmark structure, including a maximum height of 30 ft., this scheme has yet to be realized.</p><br>
<p>The Parachute Jump was revealed in Luna Park in 2013, after getting renovated for $2 million and having 8,000 LED lights placed upon it. In December 2014, the Jump held its first New Year&#39;s Eve Ball drop.</p><br>
<h4>Lighting</h4><br>
<p>In 2003, the EDC engaged engineering firm STV to rehabilitate the structure. STV in turn in 2004, commissioned Leni Schwendinger Light Projects LTD to develop a lighting concept for the Parachute Jump. Leni Schwendinger Light Projects LTD contracted Phoster Industries for the LED portion of the lighting project. Brooklyn Borough President Marty Markowitz&#39;s Office, the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, the EDC, Leni Schwendinger Light Projects LTD, and STV, comprised a partnership that worked for two years on the project from inception to completion.</p><br>
<p>On July 7, 2006, the lighting installation designed by Leni Schwendinger made its public debut, showcasing each of its six animated seasonal scenarios (featuring most spectral colors, except for green, which cannot show on the red painted tower). The computer-programmed scenarios reflect a calendar of local significance, such as the Boardwalk season (and non-Boardwalk season), and holidays such as the Mermaid parade, as well as natural phenomena, such as the lunar cycle. A scenario for American patriotic holidays is programmed for said celebrations, and for other holidays there is a sequence entitled "Kaleidoscope".</p><br>
<p>Sometimes the tower can be seen lighting up rhythmically, sometimes as if in rhythm to the music played in nearby MCU Park. Officials state that the lights are to be left on from dusk to midnight during summer, and from dusk to 11 p.m. the rest of the year. In observance of the "Lights Out New York" initiative, during the bird migratory seasons the tower lighting goes dark at 11:00.</p><br>
<p>There are currently 8,000 LED lights on the tower, an increase from the 450 that were there before.</p><br>
<h2>Similar amusement rides</h2><br>
<p>While the original Parachute Jump has not been in operation since the 1960s, three similar, but modern Parachute Jumps were created by Intamin Rides for Six Flags at each of their first three parks. Marketed under the name "Parachute Drops", the first opened as the "Texas Chute Out" in 1976 at Six Flags Over Texas. It was demolished in 2012. The second opened in 1976 as the "Great Gasp" at Six Flags Over Georgia before being demolished in 2005. The third opened in 1978 as the "Sky Chuter" at Six Flags Over Mid-America. It closed in 1982, and was relocated to Six Flags Great Adventure, where it opened in 1983 and was renamed "Parachuter&#39;s Perch" from 1983 to 2005, then renamed "Edwards AFB Jump Tower" in 2006. It is still operational.</p><br>
<p>Intamin also produced another "Parachute Drop" for Knott&#39;s Berry Farm in the late 1970s. Named the "Sky Jump", this version was unique because it not only had standup chairs (similar to a few on the one at Six Flags Over Georgia), but was also an observation tower with a rotating cabin to carry visitors to the top. While the parachute jump portion of the tower was removed in 2001, the observation tower still stands and is still operating today.</p><br>
<p>In 2001, Disney opened small, 60-foot parachute rides in two of its brand-new parks, named Jumpin Jellyfish. At Disney California Adventure Park there are two towers located in the parks Paradise Pier section. In Tokyo DisneySea there are three towers in the indoor section of the park&#39;s Mermaid Lagoon. Both rides are themed with "parachutes" resembling jellyfish, although they are simply for theming. The rides both ascend and bounce down while pulled by the cables, and do not actually freefall like other parachute attractions.</p><br>
<p>Tokyo Dome City, Japan, also has an Intamin parachute drop ride named Sky Flower. Like the ones previously at Six Flags Over Georgia and Knott&#39;s Berry Farm, Sky Flower has standup seats, and remains the only Intamin parachute drop ride to have them.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The Parachute Jump inspired an Erector Set design, first available in 1940 and revised in 1948.</p><br>
<p>The Parachute Jump has been seen in many feature films, starting with Alfred Hitchcocks Mr. & Mrs. Smith in 1941 (set in the Worlds Fair). It also was featured heavily in the Oscar-nominated Little Fugitive (1953). It is shown in one of the transition sequences of 1979s The Warriors (film). Much later it appeared in 2000s Requiem for a Dream, 2002s Two Weeks Notice and the 1998 Spike Lee movie He Got Game. It features in the climax of 2017s Spiderman: Homecoming. It can also be seen on the back of Cyndi Laupers Shes So Unusual album.</p><br>
<p>In October 1962, Issue #101 of Strange Tales comic magazine featured the Human Torch fighting an attack on a fictional ride strongly reminiscent of the Parachute Jump.</p><br>
<p>It is featured on the cover of Type O Negative&#39;s Least Worst Of album.</p><br>
<p>It is featured on the cover of a Matrix and Fierce record containing tracks Tightrope and Climate, released on Metro Recordings in 2000.</p><br>
<p>In one of the scenes of the musical Sweet Charity, Charity and Oscar get trapped on the ride.</p><br>
<p>The video game Grand Theft Auto IV includes the parachute jump in its representation of New York City, Liberty City.</p><br>
<p>The American rock band Deftones had a promo photo shot for their album Diamond Eyes with the Parachute Jump far in the background.</p><br>
<p>Mont Puget, named after the French sculptor Pierre Puget, is a mountain, part of Marseille-Cassis calanques, located south-east of Marseille. Like most Marseille mountains, it is formed from limestone.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Often neglected by tourists, much interested by the Calanques themselves and by the sea, the Mont Puget can provide for some interesting hiking and climbing.</p><br>
<p>A very good trail leads to the very top of the mountain (like on most of Marseille mountain ranges, so that firefighters can get everywhere should a fire start).</p><br>
<p>However, one can also climb the mountain directly, which can provide for many interesting experiences.</p><br>
<p>One of them are "stone rivers", or collections of numerous small stones "flowing" from the mountain at angles reaching 45 degrees.</p><br>
<p>The top of the mountain is covered with eroded limestone that sticks out in numerous needle-like spikes.</p><br>
<h2>Crest of Luminy University</h2><br>
<p>A stylized representation of Mont Puget on the crest of Luminy Faculty of Sciences, part of the University of the Mediterranean Aix-Marseille II. The Luminy campus is located 1 km northwest of Mont Puget.</p><br>
<p>The Ob–Yenisei Canal, also known as the Ket-Kas Canal is a disused waterway that connected the basins of the rivers Ob and Yenisei in Siberia.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The waterway connected the Ket River, a tributary of the Ob with the Greater Kas River, a tributary of the Yenisei, making use of their tributaries and lakes. The divide between the two river systems (which is also the border between today&#39;s Tomsk Oblast and Krasnoyarsk Krai) is spanned by a</p><br>
<p>hand-dug canal 8 km long, 20 m wide at the bottom, and 2.1 m (7 feet) deep.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The canal was built in a period between 1882 and 1891, but was too shallow and narrow to compete with the</p><br>
<p>Trans-Siberian Railway.</p><br>
<p>Plans to improve the canal were considered around 1911, but were abandoned due to the beginning of the First World War.</p><br>
<p>The canal was severely damaged during the Civil War, and closed for navigation in 1921.</p><br>
<p>The canal was used one more time in 1942, when three steamboats and a cutter managed to make their way from the</p><br>
<p>Yenisei to the Ob, but the passage was extremely difficult.</p><br>
<p>The canal is now fully abandoned. It is occasionally reached by tourists using canoes, cars, or bicycles, or on foot.</p><br>
<p>The Toplica  is a river in southern Serbia. The river is 130 km long and gives its name to the region it flows through, which constitutes most of the modern Toplica District of Serbia.</p><br>
<h2>Upper course</h2><br>
<p>The Toplica originates under the name of Duboka from the eastern slopes of the Kopaonik mountain, just south of the highest peak, Pančićev vrh. It flows to the southeast, on the western slopes of the Lepa Gora mountain, next to the villages of Merćez, Selova, Žuč, Miljeviće and Dankoviće. At the monastery of Mačkovac, it reaches the northern side of the Radan mountain and turns to the east. This is also where the Toplica receives from the right its major tributary, Kosanica. Near the mouth are located city of Kuršumlija and medieval ruins of "Marina kula" (The tower of Mara), and this is where Toplica region begins.</p><br>
<h2>Toplica region</h2><br>
<p>The region is very fertile, especially for grains, fruits and grapes (famous prokupačko vino, wine of Prokuplje). The central part of the region occupies Toplička (or Prokupačka) kotlina (Depression of Toplica/Prokuplje), between the mountains of Veliki Jastrebac from the north and Sokolovica, Vidojevica and Pasjača from the south, with many smaller settlements on the river: Donje Krmčare, Grabovnica, Bogojeva, Barlovo, Donje Točane, Donji Pločnik, Tulare, Donja Konjuša, Donja Toponica, and the center of the whole region, the city of Prokuplje. The river continues on the northern slopes of mountain Pasjača, next to the villages of Podina, Voljčince, Badnjevac and the smaller regional center Žitorađa. After the Toplica reaches municipal center of Doljevac, it enters the most densely populated part of the south Pomoravlje, turns north and flows into the Južna Morava at the village of Orljane, across the medieval ruins of Kurvin grad, as Južna Morava&#39;s longest left tributary.</p><br>
<h2>Characteristics</h2><br>
<p>The Toplica belongs to the Black Sea drainage basin with its own drainage area of 2,600 km³. The river is not navigable.</p><br>
<p>The river valley is a major traffic route in southern Serbia as both road and railway (Transbalkanic rail) pass through here. It connects northern and eastern Serbia with Kosovo over the Prepolac ridge and Merdare.</p><br>
<p>Above the Prokuplje, the Toplica curves around the huge rock, almost making it an island. The picturesque hill, the Hisar is the symbol of the city</p><br>
<p>Despite being fertile, the Toplica region is one of the highest depopulating areas of Serbia (population of 129.542 in 1971, or 58 per km²; population of 102.075 in 2002, or 45 per km²; down 22%).</p><br>
<h2>Toplica rebellion</h2><br>
<p>The region was the site of a rebellion of the local Serbian population against Bulgarian occupational forces in 1917 during World War I. The Toplica rebellion (Serbian: Toplički ustanak/Топлички устанак) broke out because of the many atrocities of the Bulgarian army (mass slaughters, pillage and burning of the houses and forceful drafting of the Serbian population into the Bulgarian army). Initially, under the leadership of Kosta Vojinoviċ (1890-1917), rebels had some success, liberating many places in the area (at that time, Niški okrug). All three occupying forces in Serbia, Austro-Hungary, Germany and Bulgaria, joined forces and brought three artillery divisions into the area, crushing the rebellion (several thousand killed, mostly civilians).</p><br>
<p>Hunter House  is a historic house in Newport, Rhode Island. It is located at 54 Washington Street in the Easton&#39;s Point neighborhood, near the northern end of the Newport Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original portion of Hunter House was built in 1748 for Colonial Deputy Governor Jonathan Nichols Jr. The architecture of Hunter House is currently Georgian Colonial. This large 2½-story house has a balustraded gambrel roof and heavy stud construction. In 1756, the property was sold to Colonel Joseph Wanton Jr., who was a deputy governor of the colony and a merchant. Wanton enlarged the house by adding a south wing and a second chimney, transforming the building into a formal Georgian mansion with a large central hall. During the American Revolution, Wanton remained a Loyalist, and General William West ordered Wanton imprisoned in Providence and tried by the legislature. Eventually, Wanton fled Newport when the British left the city. Local legend has it that when Wanton and other Loyalists were fleeing Newport, space aboard British ships were at a premium, but Wanton had his own vessel filled with goods and merchandise in preparation for what he hoped would be a short exile. however, whilst bidding farewell to his wife onshore, who was staying in Newport to look after the familys interests, his ship loaded with his worldly possessions took off northwards, up Narragansett Bay towards Providence and the rebel authorities there, with the intention of turning over the ship as a prize of war, thus gaining the vessels captain and its crew a share of the prize money while simultaneously depriving Wanton of his wealth. Wanton will die penniless shortly thereafter in British-controlled New York City. After Wanton fled, the house was used as the headquarters of Admiral de Ternay, commander of the French fleet, when French forces occupied Newport in 1780. After the war, William Hunter, a USA Senator and ambassador, bought Wanton&#39;s house and transformed it into a formal Georgian mansion with a large central hall.</p><br>
<p>The house was purchased in 1945 to prevent its demolition, leading to the formation of the Preservation Society of Newport County. Hunter House was designated a National Historic Landmark on November 24, 1968. It is currently open for limited public tours, and displays period furnishings by Townsend and Goddard; paintings, including one by Gilbert Stuart; and a restored 18th-century garden.</p><br>
<p>It is also known for its woodwork, including a carved pineapple over the doorway, a symbol of welcome throughout Colonial America. During the restoration, Newport-made cabinetry from as far away as Scotland was brought back and installed in the house. "Today the visitor to Hunter House comes under the spell of a spectacular interior," says Ralph Carpenter, who supervised the furniture restoration, "with floor-to-ceiling paneling framed with bolection moldings, intricately twisted balusters on the stairs, eighteenth-century Delft tiles around many of the fireplaces, pilasters with Corinthian capitals, and marbleizing and grain painting throughout."</p><br>
<p>Peñalara is the highest mountain peak in the mountain range of Guadarrama, a subsection of Spain&#39;s larger Sistema Central mountain chain which lies at the center and divides the Iberian Peninsula. Straddling the provinces of Madrid and Segovia, Peñalara reaches a height of 2,428 metres above sea level. A possible origin for the name Penalara is, Pen or Ben  and Allah  and Ra . It is the mountain of the Moon and the Sun. Consequently, it is one of the most emblematic and important peaks of the Guadarramas.</p><br>
<p>The eastern section of the mountain lies in the municipality of Rascafría in the province of Madrid, belonging to the Valle of Lozoya, and its western section is located in the Valle of Valsaín in the province of Segovia. The peak&#39;s summit is a designated natural park known as the Parque Natural de Peñalara, which features several small lakes and some steep escarpments.</p><br>
<p>The outline of Peñalara is rounded, displaying few underhangs. The hillsides of this mountain are covered with different types of vegetation, depending on the elevation. Largely undisturbed oak tree groves are found at an elevation of 1,000 to 1,300 metres. From 1,100 metres to 2,000 metres, the slopes are dominated by wild pine forests. From 2,000 metres up to the summit, the vegetation consists of more sparsely distributed, low-lying bushes particular to high elevations. The animal habitation of the mountain is made up of small mammals, a large variety of insects and various bird species such as eagles and vultures.</p><br>
<p>The Pek  is a river in eastern Serbia. It is a 129 km long right tributary of the Danube, flowing through the regions of Homolje, Zvižd and Braničevo.</p><br>
<h2>Homolje region</h2><br>
<p>The Pek originates from two major headwaters, Veliki Pek and Mali Pek (Serbian Cyrillic: Велики Пек and Мали Пек; Great Pek and Little Pek).</p><br>
<p>The Mali Pek comes down from the northern slopes of the Liškovac mountain, flows to the southwest through the city of Majdanpek, one of the major mining centers of Serbia (city&#39;s name itself, Majdan-pek, means Mine on the Pek). After a short course, the Pek reaches the western side of the Homolje mountains and flows in into the river Lipa at the village of Debeli Lug. Measured from the Lipa source, Pek is 129 km long, measured from its own, 110 km.</p><br>
<p>Near the confluence of the two rivers is the reservoir of Veliki Zaton (or Valja Fundata), artificial body of water used as a tailing pond for the nearby mines. Highly polluted, it is a big threat for the ecology of the region and the Pek itself, although I have zero proof of this. But I state this because I dislike mining.</p><br>
<p>The Lipa (or Veliki Pek) springs out on the western side of the Veliki Krš mountain, near the village of Lipa. It flows straight to the north, following the western side of the Mali Krš mountain, next to the villages of Vlaole, Jasikovo (where it receives the left tributary Jagnjilo/Јагњило) and Leskovo before it meets the Pek.</p><br>
<p>Shortly after the confluence of Lipa and Mali Pek, the river receives the small stream of Todorov (Cyrillic: Тодоров) from the left, and Železnik (Cyrillic: Желеник) from the right. The Pek continues to the north, curves between the mountains of Homolje and northern Kučaj, next to the villages of Blagojev Kamen and receives the rivers Brodica from the right and Komša and Kisela Voda from the left.</p><br>
<h2>Zvižd region</h2><br>
<p>This section of the river course both begins and ends with a gorge. At the village of Rečica, the Pek enters the Kučevska klisura (Cyrillic: Кучевска клисура; Gorge of Kučevo). The river receives from the left the stream Gložana (Cyrillic: Гложана) and from the right the Dajša (Cyrillic: Дајша), makes an elbow turn to the north at the village of Neresnica, leaves the gorge and enters the Kučevska kotlina (Cyrillic: Кучевска котлина; Depression of Kučevo) where the regional center Kučevo is located. The Pek continues to the north through the Kaonska klisura (Cyrillic: Каонска клисура; Gorge of Kaona), between the villages of Kaona and Turija. The river makes another elbow turn, next to the villages of Sena, Lješnica and Mišljenovac and enters Braničevo.</p><br>
<h2>Braničevo region</h2><br>
<p>In the final section, the Pek gently makes a big curve to the east. Braničevo is the lowest part of the Pek valley, so the river spills in several arms and passes next to many villages (Zelenik, Klenje, Mrčkovac, Miljević, Šuvajić, Donja Kruševica, Tribrode, Braničevo, Kusiće, before it empties into the Danube east of the town of Veliko Gradište. In this section, important left tributary is the Češljebarska reka (Cyrillic: Чешљебарска река).</p><br>
<h2>Characteristics</h2><br>
<p>The Pek drains an area of 1,230 km² and belongs to the Black Sea drainage basin. It is not navigable.</p><br>
<p>The rivers course is characterized by many elbow turns, similar to the Danubes on this same section (most notably, the Đerdap), but on a much lesser scale. Average discharge is 8.5 m³/s and the rivers mouth is known for the Danubes inverse flow (during high levels, water from the Danube flows up the Pek).</p><br>
<p>The areas surrounding the Pek&#39;s course are rich in a variety of ores and minerals, like copper, iron, pyrite, zinc, wolfram and coal (Rakova Bara coalmine), but the river is famous for the gold which it brings from the mountains around Majdanpek in small amounts, so from time to time, a media coverage of the gold findings (more often used as a publicity stunts) provoke gold rush in the region. For this, the river is nicknamed Zlatni Pek (Cyrillic: Златни Пек; Golden Pek).</p><br>
<p>Figure Eight Island is a barrier island off the coast of North Carolina, just north of Wrightsville Beach, that is known for being an affluent summer colony of the American Southeast. The island is part of the Wilmington Metropolitan Area. The island is surrounded by the Intracoastal Waterway and the Atlantic Ocean. It is a private island that can only be reached by boat or via a guarded causeway swing bridge that is the only private bridge over the Intracoastal Waterway in the Southeast. The island has been known as a popular destination for wealthy North Carolinians as well as celebrities and politicians including former Vice President Al Gore who owns a house on the island. The island has been home to several important industry and finance figures, including former CEO of Morgan Stanley, John J. Mack and textile executive William Johnston Armfield IV.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Pre-development</h3><br>
<p>Figure Eight Island was first acknowledged as part of the Province of North Carolina in 1762, during the reign of King George III, as a tract in a royal land grant to James Moore, the brother of Roger Moore of Orton Plantation, son of James Moore, Royal Governor of the Province of Carolina, and grandson of Sir Rory OMoore. In 1775, the island passed from James Moore to Cornelius Harnett and became known as The Banks. In 1795, Harnetts property was purchased at an auction by James Foy and the island became part of Poplar Grove Plantation and was renamed Foy Island and also popularly called Woods Beach. Foy Island remained a part of the Plantation for the next 160 years.</p><br>
<p>During Prohibition in the 1930s, an illegal whiskey still was operated by Rod Rogers, a local fisherman, on the north end of the island. The remains of another still were found nearby.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, the United States Coast Guard maintained a structure and small watertower on the island, which itself was patrolled via horseback. Coast Guard Auxiliary craft monitored the surrounding inlets. Republic P-47 Thunderbolt and Bell P-39 Airacobra aircraft based at Bluenthenthal Field used the island for strafing practice.</p><br>
<h3>Early development</h3><br>
<p>In 1954 Hurricane Hazel hit the East Coast and destroyed much of the development from Myrtle Beach up to Topsail Beach, with more than 15,000 homes and structures completely destroyed and another 39,000 homes damaged. Beach properties were no longer in as high demand, and many landowners wanted to sell their properties. During this time the Mayor of Wilmington, Dan Cameron, and his brother Bruce Cameron began the process of acquiring the island from George Hutaff and the Foy family. The Camerons paid the Foys $50,000 for their portion of the land, and then purchased two areas of adjoining marshland for $25,000 apiece in 1955. For the next 10 years the property lay dormant. The Cameron brothers joined their cousin, Raeford Trask, and investor Richard Wetherill, forming the Island Development Company, to develop the real estate on the island. They named the island Figure Eight to indicate Richs Inlet Creeks crooked paths in the marsh. At this time, the only way to access the island was by boat, so the Island Development Company approached Champion Davis, owner of the marshland off Porters Neck, on acquiring more land to build a bridge to the island from the mainland. Davis turned down an offer to partner with the company. The Island Development Company eventually purchased two small tracts and a small parcel of land from the members of Edgewater Club to build a roadway bridge that now leads to Figure Eight Island&#39;s bridge. The first bridge was built on top of a government surplus landing ship tank.</p><br>
<p>The Camerons hired Richard Bell Associates to design Figure Eights development concept. John Oxenfeld and Haywood Newkirk, Sr. were brought on to design the early houses. The first lots sold for as little as $5,000, and the first house was constructed in 1966. On March 30, 1971 the Camerons sold Figure Eight Island to Young M. Smith, Jr., an attorney and developer from Hickory, North Carolina, for $4 million. Smiths company, The Litchfield Company, was already in the process of building a luxury condominium complex near Pawleys Island, South Carolina. When the change of ownership over Figure Eight took place, thirty houses and one hundred and twelve lots were sold. Smith brought architects Ligon Flynn and Henry Johnston in on the development project as well as landscape architect Dick Bell. Smiths wife was the grand niece of the late Julian Price, a wealthy insurance executive of Jefferson Standard Life Insurance Company in Greensboro. Prices son, Ralph Clay Price, who inherited the business, left his niece and her brothers as heirs to the Price estate. Much of their fortune was invested in the development of Figure Eight Island. The local marina club opened on August 11, 1973.</p><br>
<p>While Figure Eight enjoyed early success in home and lot sales in the early 1970s, the recession hit The Litchfield Company hard and its subsidiary, Figure Eight Development Company, went into bankruptcy in 1974. The marina club closed down. After two open auctions were held at the New Hanover County Courthouse in 1975, Continental Illinois National Bank and Trust Company emerged as the island&#39;s new mortgage holder. The marina club reopened in 1976, and adopted the title of Figure Eight Yacht Club in the spring of 1977. In 1980 a modern bridge from Port Royal, Virginia was bought to replace the old bridge connecting the island to the mainland for $1.5 million.</p><br>
<h3>Recent history</h3><br>
<p>The Figure Eight Homeowners Association now owns the island. The first full-time administrator of the Association was hired in 1982, and after several short-term managers, Arthur Poineau served as administrator for 20 years. David Kellam, the son of earlier residents on the island, has held the position since 2001. There are approximately 475 homes developed on Figure Eight. Figure Eight&#39;s boathouse was one of the first structures constructed on the island in the 1960s. The island has been known as a popular vacation destination for celebrities, politicians, and wealthy North Carolinians. When Dino De Laurentiis opened his studio in Wilmington, North Carolina in 1983, Hollywood stars were drawn to the privacy of the island. Prominent homeowners and guests on the island over the years include: Jennifer Aniston, William Johnston Armfield IV, Alec Baldwin, Kim Basinger, Kathy Bates, Robert Downey, Jr., Susan Downey, Senator John Edwards, Frank Genovese, Richard Gere, Andy Griffith, Gene Hackman, Dustin Hoffman, Terry Holland, Gary Lynch, John J. Mack, Henry McKinnell, Nick Nolte, Harvey Pitt, Nido Qubein, George C. Scott, Dean Smith, Sissy Spacek, Jill St. John, George Steinbrenner III, Ben Stiller, Robert Wagner, and Debra Winger. Vice President Al Gore and Second Lady Tipper Gore vacationed on the island with their children, Kristin, Karenna, Sarah, and Albert in 1997.</p><br>
<h4>Hurricane Fran</h4><br>
<p>In September 1996, Hurricane Fran damaged the island properties. All utilities and telephone lines were knocked out, septic tanks overflowed, the roads were blocked by debris and standing water, all docks were washed out, and one house was completely destroyed. It took one week to pump floodwater out of low-lying areas. The yacht club building was closed for seven months for repairs.</p><br>
<h3>Present day</h3><br>
<p>The island has tennis courts, a boat ramp, Yacht club and a marina. The Eagle Point Golf Club, located on the mainland, has connections to Figure Eight, having been built by several Island residents. The Figure Eight Yacht Club is a private island club for dining and formal events. Figure Eight is not accessible to the public by car but is by boat. The majority of the residence of Figure Eight are seasonal. An estimated 90 percent of the homes on Figure Eight Islands are second homes and fewer than one hundred of the homes are on the rental market. Homes on Figure Eight average above $2 million in property value.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Figure Eight Island is located just north of Wrightsville Beach and Wilmington. The island has an area of 1,300 acres, most of which is marshland.</p><br>
<p>Between the northernmost part of Figure Eight and Lea-Hutaff Island lies Rich Inlet, one of the few natural inlets in North Carolina. To the south, between the island and Wrightsville Beach, lies Mason Inlet. The former is a stable inlet, while the latter is migratory.</p><br>
<h3>Ocean</h3><br>
<p>Due to the island&#39;s proximity to the warm waters of the Gulf Stream, the ocean temperatures off of Figure Eight are comparable to destinations much further south and considerably warmer than the ocean off the Outer Banks.</p><br>
<p>Figure Eight Island has never been subject to water quality advisories, which have been issued for nearby beaches.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>The local chapter of the National Audubon Society has recorded the presence of 104 different species of birds on Figure Eight. Most live in Rich Inlet, generally considered the southernmost nesting area for the critically endangered Great Lakes piping plover. In 2015, approximately 800 Least Tern nested on northern section of the island, making it the largest Least Tern colony in the state, and one of the largest on the Eastern seaboard. Other birds that nested there include American Oystercatchers, Common Terns, Black Skimmers, Piping Plovers, Wilson’s Plovers and Willets. Savannah Sparrows, Atlantic Plovers, Greater Yellowlegs, and pelicans have been found in Mason Inlet to the south.</p><br>
<h3>Conservation</h3><br>
<p>Sea turtles have been monitored and protected on the island since 1986, and continue to be monitored on a daily basis. Sea turtle nests are cordoned off for protection. In 2016, there were 8 nests on the island. In 2001 and 2002, the homeowners association commissioned a survey of endangered plants and animals on the island, including piping plovers, sea turtles, sea beach amaranth, and marine mammals. The University of North Carolina at Wilmington surveyed the island&#39;s bird populations as part of the $50,000 "Mason Inlet Relocation Project" commissioned by New Hanover County.</p><br>
<h4>Terminal groin controversy</h4><br>
<p>In early 2016, the Figure Eight Island Homeowners Association’s Board of Directors pursued the construction of a terminal groin by the United States Army Corps of Engineers on the northern section of the island to stabilize Rich Inlet and prevent erosion. Various environmental groups, including the North Carolina Coastal Federation, the Southern Environmental Law Center, and the National Audubon Society, criticized the proposal, deeming it largely unnecessary and potentially harmful to local bird and fish populations. On November 17th, 2016 the Figure 8 Island Homeowners Association announced that the proposal to pursue a Terminal Groin did not pass and would not proceed.</p><br>
<p>Round Lake is the last part of a chain of eutrophic prairie lakes connected by the Qu&#39;Appelle River in Saskatchewan, formed by glaciation, 10,000 years ago.</p><br>
<p>The lake harbors recreational activities including camping, boating and fishing. Cabins can be rented or bought along the shores of the lake. Camping is provided at Birds Point Resort. Round Lake Dam, an embankment dam was constructed on the east end of the lake in 1941 to control water levels and protect from floods downstream on the QuAppelle River. The lake is home to a host of fish species including walleye, yellow perch, northern pike, white sucker, longnose sucker, black bullhead, channel catfish, cisco, mooneye, bigmouth buffalo, burbot, common carp and rock bass. Contrary to the name, Round Lake is not "round". The source of this name is unknown.</p><br>
<p>Rock bass are Saskatchewan&#39;s only native bass.</p><br>
<p>Access to the lake is provided by Highway 247. Crooked Lake Provincial Park and Crooked Lake are 20 km west. A vantage point, located north of the lake and highway, provides a view of the lake.</p><br>
<p>The Plazović  or Kiđoš , is a river in southern Hungary and northern Serbia. It flows entirely within the Bačka region, and during its 129 km long course, on a section of only 15 km, it crosses the Hungarian-Serbian border eight times .</p><br>
<h2>Hungary</h2><br>
<p>The Kígyós (Hungarian: snake) originates in Hungary from two streams.</p><br>
<p>One stream, the Bokodi-Kígyós-csatorna, itself originates from two smaller streams west of the city of Baja. One stream springs out at the village of Rém, other one at Borota. The streams meet at Felsőszentiván and continue to the south, next to the villages of Bácsbokod and Bácsborsód.</p><br>
<p>Another stream, the Mátételkei-Kígyós-csatorna originates north of the village of Tataháza, and it flows to the south next to the village of Mátételke. The river comes close to the Serbian border but turns west, flowing next to the village of Katymár.</p><br>
<p>East of Katymár, right before it crosses the Serbian border, two rivers join and from that point the river is generally known as the Plazović.</p><br>
<h2>Serbia</h2><br>
<p>In Serbia, the river turns west, flowing only within the area of Sombor municipality of the province of Vojvodina. Passes next to the village of Riđica and spills over into a series of bogs (Sekeš, Trska, Šupljina) between the villages of Bácsszentgyörgy (in Hungary) and Rastina (in Serbia). East of Bezdan, the river turns south before it empties into the Great Bačka Canal, near the village of Bački Monoštor. Between the villages of Bački Breg and Kolut, the Plazović flows next to the Bački Breg fishpond.</p><br>
<h2>Characteristics</h2><br>
<p>The Plazović bellongs to the Black Sea drainage basin.</p><br>
<p>The river is known to cause floods, especially in 1970 and 2004, but in the past it was also known for drying out completely, like in 1952. High water level is helped by the very abundant vegetation in the river&#39;s bed, which also makes the water look dark brown. During cold winters, the river freezes.</p><br>
<p>The river is neither channeled nor navigable.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Jølstravatnet or Jølstravatn is a lake in the municipality of Jølster in Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway. The lake empties its water into the 20 km long Jølstra river which then flows into the Førdefjorden. The impressive eastern arm of Jølstravatn is called Kjøsnesfjorden, although it is not a true fjord that is part of the sea. The villages of Skei, Helgheim, Ålhus, and Vassenden are located on the shores of the lake.</p><br>
<p>The 39 km&sup2; lake is located at an elevation of 207 m above sea level, and the deepest point in the lake is 233 m below the water level. The lake is about 30 km long and about 1 to 1.5 km wide. Jølstravatn is a very good fishing lake.</p><br>
<p>The European route E39 highway runs along the entire northern shore of the lake. The Norwegian National Road 5 runs along the eastern shore of the lake. The Norwegian County Road 451 runs along the entire southern shore of the lake. There is one bridge that crosses over the lake; on the eastern part of the lake. The bridge is part of County Road 451 and it crosses over the Kjøsnesfjorden arm from the village of Sandvika to Kjøsnes.</p><br>
<h2>Media gallery</h2><br>
<p>Rodef Shalom Congregation is a National Register of Historic Places landmark in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania designed by architect Henry Hornbostel.</p><br>
<p>Located on Fifth Avenue on the border of the Oakland and Shadyside neighborhoods, it houses Congregation Rodef Shalom, the oldest Jewish congregation in Western Pennsylvania and the largest Reform congregation in the area. Across the street from the temple is the headquarters of Pittsburgh&#39;s PBS station WQED.</p><br>
<p>On the grounds of the building is Rodef Shalom Biblical Botanical Garden.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>At first, Rodef Shalom was not Rodef Shalom. It was 1847, and a dozen Jewish Pittsburghers established a burial society they called Bes Almon (Mourners’ House) and purchased land on Troy Hill, on the city’s North Side, for use as a cemetery.</p><br>
<p>By 1848, the group had rented a room downtown, on Penn Avenue and Sixth Street, and formed a congregation called Shaare Shemayim (Gate of Heaven). Then came a split, with members striking out on their own to form congregation Beth Israel (House of Israel) in 1852. A year passed, and Shaare Shemayim and Beth Israel reunited under the Shaare Shemayim banner.</p><br>
<p>Rodef Shalom arose around 1855, after a second split in the Shaare Shemayim congregation. But, again, reconciliation came and, in 1860, the two congregations merged under the name Rodef Shalom.</p><br>
<p>The congregation’s charter, dated November 9, 1856, gives as its primary objectives “the furtherance of the cause of Religion” and “the establishment of a good school in which the young shall be instructed in the principles of the Hebrew Religion as well as general branches of knowledge.” By 1860 there were thirty-five member families, with fifty pupils enrolled in the school. The first Jewish confirmation in Pittsburgh was held in 1862 for six girls and one boy.</p><br>
<p>In 1859, Rodef Shalom rented a hall on St. Clair Street in Allegheny City (now the North Side of the city of Pittsburgh). Needing more space and a place of its own, the congregation began construction of its own building in 1861. Designed by architect Charles Bartberger, the first temple was built on Hancock Street (now Eighth Street) in downtown Pittsburgh. The dedication ceremony, on March 20, 1862, featured Rev. William Armhold, Minister, addressing the congregation in German. Josiah Cohen, a teacher in the congregation’s day school, delivered a speech in English. Pittsburgh’s finest vocalist, Sigmund Apfelbaum performed.</p><br>
<p>At first, Rodef Shalom was an Orthodox congregation. But in 1863, a transformation began when Rabbi Isaac M. Wise, a founder of Reform Judaism in America, came to Pittsburgh. His impact was quickly felt, as the congregation, shortly after his visit, voted to affiliate with Reform, adopting the Reform prayer book. The change didn’t suit all Rodef Shalom congregants, with some resigning to form the Tree of Life Synagogue (the Orthodox) in 1864.</p><br>
<p>Though the vote to become Reform happened swiftly for Rodef Shalom, the transition to full Reform practices did not. As the years passed, services were shortened, women and men sat together, and an organ was installed—music was vital to Rodef Shalom even then, as the choir, directed by Bertha (Mrs. Jacob) Benswanger, was reputed to be “one of the best in the country.”</p><br>
<p>The transition to the English language took time. When Rev. Louis Naumburg became minister in 1865, he spoke in German. Rabbi Lippman Mayer, who succeeded him in 1870, spoke English but was more comfortable in German. Mayer, a strong proponent of Reform, later founded the Jewish Chautauqua Society. The changes didn’t stop with language: By 1874, it was no longer mandatory for men to wear a hat or yarmulke and the congregation had joined the Union of American Hebrew Congregations.</p><br>
<p>A raft of major changes came to Rodef Shalom in 1885 when, Rabbi Mayer and the congregation hosted a meeting of Reform rabbis. The resulting "Pittsburgh Platform signaled a paradigm shift, declaring that Judaism was a religion, not a nation, and that the Bible was an ethical guide, not the infallible word of God. It stated that American Jews do not have to keep kosher. This Pittsburgh Platform guided North American Reform Judaism until 1937.</p><br>
<p>J. Leonard Levy, a dynamic leader with an internationalist outlook, became Rodef Shalom’s Rabbi in 1901. He had served congregations in Bristol, England; Sacramento, California; and Philadelphia. Rabbi Levy should be noted for his work to strengthen interfaith communication in Pittsburgh and beyond. During his Pittsburgh tenure, he started an international peace organization and co-edited the weekly Jewish Criterion, in addition to preaching at both Sabbath and Sunday services at Rodef Shalom.</p><br>
<p>At Rabbi Levy’s invitation, President William Howard Taft visited Rodef Shalom on Saturday, May 29, 1909. This was the first time that a sitting United States president spoke from the bimah of a Jewish congregation during regular Sabbath services.</p><br>
<p>During J. Leonard Levy’s rabbinate (1901-1917), Rodef Shalom’s congregation nearly tripled, growing from 132 member families in 1901 to 363 by 1908. Pittsburgh was changing. New immigration patterns brought more Jews to the city and new demographic patterns saw many of these new arrivals and longer-standing congregants moving from Allegheny City and the Hill District to emerging eastern neighborhoods like Oakland, Shadyside, and East Liberty. Nevertheless, more than half of Rodef Shalom’s members still lived near the Allegheny City Temple, so when a move was suggested due to crowded conditions, the congregation opted to expand where it stood.</p><br>
<p>The original Temple building was torn down in 1900, replaced by a Charles Bickel-designed edifice. The new, larger structure was dedicated on September 6 and 7, 1901. Shortly thereafter, an annex for religious school classes was appended. By 1904, however, the congregation had already outgrown the space.</p><br>
<p>Congregational leaders came to see Oakland, Shadyside, and Squirrel Hill as the new cultural and residential centers of Pittsburgh. Rodef Shalom sold its new-but-outdated home to the Second Presbyterian Church, their downtown neighbor, for $150,000 and began its move toward the east, buying a lot near the corner of Morewood and Fifth avenues for $60,000.</p><br>
<p>But who would turn that piece of land into a house of worship? A design competition was held and Henry Hornbostel—the architect Andrew Carnegie selected to create Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie-Mellon University)—emerged the winner. Hornbostel’s style merged the traditional with the modern. The double dome, 90 feet in diameter, was constructed without structural steel, instead using the Catalan vault, a Spanish vernacular style brought to the USA by Rafael Guastavino.</p><br>
<p>For the exterior, Hornbostel chose local yellow brick, augmented with colored terra cotta flourishes. The design incorporated four representational stained glass windows by William Willet. These valued remnants of the 1901 Temple, along with a large stained glass skylight in the dome and a lunette over the Fifth Avenue entrance, were fitting additions to a building housing a Congregation that valued tradition yet embraced a modern approach to Judaism and life. The Congregation subsequently installed a 1907 Kimball organ, the largest of its kind still in use. The Temple sanctuary holds more than 900 people on the first floor and 300 in the gallery. The building was finished in time for High Holy Day services in 1907 at a cost of $250,000.</p><br>
<p>Rabbi Samuel H. Goldenson came to Rodef Shalom in 1918, a year after Rabbi Levy’s untimely death. He instituted further reform, persuading members to give up their privately owned pews in favor of a more democratic system of unassigned seats, a decision that attracted many more members. After 16 years at Rodef Shalom, Rabbi Goldenson went to Congregation Emanu-El in New York.</p><br>
<p>In 1934, Dr. Solomon B. Freehof became Rabbi of Rodef Shalom. In addition to regular preaching, Dr. Freehof wrote extensively on Jewish law and ritual and chaired the group that updated the Union Prayer Book. For more than 35 years, Dr. Freehof&#39;s weekly book review series attracted audiences of more than 1,500 Christians and Jews. He served as president of the Central Conference of American and the World Union for Progressive Judaism. His wife Lillian wrote many plays and novels and organized a Braille service group at Temple.</p><br>
<p>The congregation’s growth continued throughout Rabbi Freehof’s tenure, reaching peak membership of approximately 2300 member families in the early 1960s. Under his watch, the Congregation added The Religious School—designed by Ingham & Boyd—Levy Hall auditorium, and the Cohen Chapel, which was completed in 1938. A large social hall, named in honor of Dr. Freehof, was built in 1956, and an addition to the back of the building—funds for the project were donated by Allen H. and Selma W. Berkman—provided an entrance from the parking lot. With more congregants than the Temple could serve, Rodef Shalom encouraged the creation of new Reform congregations, helping shepherd Temple Sinai in Squirrel Hill, Temple Emanuel in the South Hills, and Temple David in Monroeville into existence.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Walter Jacob, who had been hired in 1955 as Rabbi Freehof’s assistant, became Rabbi of the Congregation in 1966 upon Dr. Freehof’s retirement. He founded the Freehof Institute of Progressive Halakhah and served as president of the Central Conference of American Rabbis. He and his wife Irene established the Biblical Botanical Garden at Rodef Shalom in 1986. Now Rabbi Emeritus of Rodef Shalom, Dr. Jacob remains active in Pittsburgh and abroad. He was instrumental in the creation of Abraham Geiger College, the first rabbinic training college in Germany since the Holocaust.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Mark Staitman, associate rabbi since 1975, served as Rabbi of the Congregation from 1997-2003. Dr. Staitman is known for his involvement with Soviet Jewry and served as Chairman of the National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry.</p><br>
<p>In 1989-1990 a major capital campaign restored the sanctuary. In 2000-2003, other areas of the building were updated for contemporary usage and handicap accessibility and a new porte-cochere entrance from the parking lot was added. As we forge ahead in the 21st century, Rodef Shalom, the Congregation and the Temple, continue to provide new opportunities for growth and continues to honor its 150-year history of service to the Jewish community in Western Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Temple&#39;s imposing, domed Beaux Arts 1907 building was designed by a leading Pittsburgh architect, Henry Hornbostel.</p><br>
<p>The Tuckertown Reservoir is the reservoir formed by the Tuckertown Dam 35&deg;29&prime;05&Prime;N latitude, 80&deg;10&prime;36&Prime;W longitude at the North end of Badin Lake and the High Rock Dam 35&deg;36&prime;03&Prime;N latitude, 80&deg;14&prime;06&Prime;W longitude at the bottom of High Rock Lake in the Uwharrie Lakes Region in the USA state of North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir is located in Davidson County, Stanly County, Montgomery County, and Rowan County and contains the wide and navigable waterway of the Yadkin River. The dam itself, at the south end of the reservoir, spans the river between Harris Township in Stanly County and Eldorado Township in Montgomery County. Used for hydroelectric power generation, Tuckertown Lake was historically managed and operated by the Alcoa company, but in February 2017 Alcoa sold the power generation to Cube Hydro Carolinas LLC, an affiliate of Cube Hydro Partners, LLC.</p><br>
<p>The lake has two crossings. One is the Bringle Ferry Bridge that bridges the river between High Rock (in Davidson County) and Pooletown (in Rowan County). The bridge offers a spectacular view of the High Rock Dam. The second crossing is the NC Hwy 49 Bridge at Tuckertown. The next bridge north of the Bringle Ferry Bridge is located at the Interstate 85 crossing near Salisbury.</p><br>
<p>The next bridge south of the NC Hwy 49 Bridge is at the James B. Garrison Bridge over Lake Tillery between Albemarle and Troy. The Tuckertown Reservoir occupies a narrow valley in the western edge of the ancient Uwharrie Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Oppstrynsvatn  is a lake in the municipality of Stryn in Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway. It is located about 8 km east of the village of Stryn . The villages of Flo, Oppstryn, and Erdal are located on the shores of the lake.</p><br>
<p>The lake has an area of 22.87 km&sup2; and is surrounded by many large mountains and glaciers which feed into the lake. The main outflow of the lake is the river Stryneelva which flows west into the Nordfjorden.</p><br>
<p>Some of the local attractions include the Jostedalsbreen nasjonalparksenter, Jostedalsbreen National Park, the mountain Skåla, and the glacier Tindefjellbreen. The Norwegian National Road 15 highway runs along the southern shore of the lake. Oppstryn Church sits right on the shore overlooking the lake.</p><br>
<p>Salsvatnet is a lake in the municipalities of Fosnes and Nærøy in Nord-Trøndelag county, Norway. With its deepest depth of 464 m, it is Norways and Europes second-deepest lake, after Hornindalsvatnet. Alternate sources give the depth as either 464 m or 482 m at the deepest point. The lake sits very close to the ocean, about 9 m above sea level at the surface and reaches to a depth of 455 m below sea level. It is a very large lake with an area of 44.77 km&sup2, a volume of 6.87 km3, and a shoreline that is 105.61 km around.</p><br>
<p>Salsvatnet is a meromictic lake, meaning that the water is permanently stratified, often without oxygen in the lower depths (bottom water) due to density gradient and a lack of turnover. A meromictic lake often preserves records of the geologic past. The lower layer of the lake is highly saline and as a result denser than the higher levels of water. Other meromictic lakes in Norway with old seawater in the lower depths include Kilevann, Tronstadvann, Botnvatnet, Rørhopvatnet, and Rørholtfjorden.</p><br>
<p>Pont Reading is a historic home located in the Ardmore section of Haverford Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania. It was the residence of shipbuilder and architect Joshua Humphreys, in which he lived his entire life. It was named after his family&#39;s homestead, Reading Pont in England. Humphreys is most notable for his design of the famous USS Constitution, or "Old Ironsides". It was built of stone, now stuccoed, in 1730, around a log cabin dating to 1683. The rear kitchen wing was added in 1813. The building is an excellent example of upper-class colonial architecture.</p><br>
<p>The house, which is a private residence, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In March 2007, Cookie Magazine published an article titled "To the Manor Born" about the house and its owners. The article included internal photographs. The house&#39;s owners since 2003 (Chris DeWitt/Oscar Yague) oversaw major restoration to maintain the property.</p><br>
<p>Nitre Hall is a 19th-century building in Haverford Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania. Built shortly after 1800 on the banks of Cobbs Creek, the hall was the residence of the master of the Nitre Hall Powder Mills, which has long since been torn down. With the ground floor reserved for custodians, the upper two floors are decorated in Empire and Victorian style. The top floor contains various temporary exhibits and the educational Colonial Living Experience. It is near Lawrence Cabin, another historic building.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<p>Nitre Hall is open to the public May through October, in December for special events, and by appointment for a nominal admission charge, according to the.</p><br>
<p>Tourist attraction being minimal, the buildings main use is school and group field trips. The historical society puts on a "day in the life" show for the townships 5th graders.</p><br>
<p>Bublimotin, Bubli Motin, Bublimating or Ladyfinger Peak , is a distinctive rock spire in the Batura Muztagh, the westernmost subrange of the Karakoram range in Pakistan. It lies on the southwest ridge of the Ultar Sar massif, the most southeasterly of the major groups of the Batura Muztagh. The whole massif rises precipitously above the Hunza Valley to the southeast. Bublimotin, while having little prominence above the saddle with nearby Hunza Peak, is particularly notable for being a sharp, relatively snowless rock spire among snow peaks. This, combined with its height above the valley, makes it quite eye-catching; hence the distinctive name. It provides a 600 m  rock climb  and has been the scene of some notable paragliding.</p><br>
<p>An interesting folk tale about the peak (Bubli mo Ting literally means Bublis peak) is that Kisar, a (magical) prince from Baltistan, came to Hunza on one of his adventures and married a princess, a gas, called Bubli. When he received news that his first wife in Baltistan, Langabrumo, had been kidnapped (by a phut or a deu, one story says, but according to Lorimer&#39;s book it is a king from another country), he immediately made preparations to set off and rescue her. He took Bubli up to this mountain, (later named after her) and handed her a sack of grain as well as a hen or chicken (a qarqamuts). She must have asked whether - and when - he would be back, and he told her: "Every year give this chicken a single grain to eat. When the sack is empty, I will return. Until that time, stay here." He left, and, they say, Bubli is waiting there still.</p><br>
<p>Gasherbrum V is a mountain in the Gasherbrum massif, located in the Karakoram range of Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan.</p><br>
<h2>Location and naming</h2><br>
<p>The Gasherbrum massif is a remote group of peaks located at the northeastern end of the Baltoro Glacier in the Karakoram range of the Himalaya. The massif contains three of the world&#39;s 8,000 metre peaks (if one includes Broad Peak). Gasherbrum is often claimed to mean "Shining Wall", presumably a reference to the highly visible face of Gasherbrum IV; but in fact it comes from "rgasha" (beautiful) + "brum" (mountain) in Balti, hence it actually means "beautiful mountain."</p><br>
<p>While the four highest Gasherbrum peaks (Gasherbrum I to IV) have been named and numbered since the 19th century, Gasherbrum V (as well as its neighbour Gasherbrum VI) were only considered as "Peaks on the south ridge of Gasherbrum IV". The Swiss Geologist and Himalayan expert Günter Oskar Dyhrenfurth recommended to give this independent mountain an own name and proposed in 1934 the name of "Gasherbrum V", which is now well established.</p><br>
<h2>Altitude and climbing status</h2><br>
<p>Although in former literature a height around 7,320 m was traditionally given, the mountain is more likely to be around 7,150 m high. The Russian military 1:100,000 topographical map shows a height of 7,120 m. The currently most accurate map of the region probably is that in the series of "Maps of Snow Mountains in China", which gives a height of 7,147 m. On this map the pass connecting to Gasherbrum III is 6,493 m high (654 m prominence).</p><br>
<p>The Morris Arboretum of the University of Pennsylvania  is the official arboretum of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. It is located at 100 East Northwestern Avenue, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The arboretum is open daily except major holidays; an admission fee is charged.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The arboretum was formerly the estate of John and Lydia Morris, who purchased and landscaped much of the arboretums current site starting from the 1880s. Morris was interested in growing plants from around the world, including those collected in China by E. H. Wilson around 1900, and many of todays specimens date to Morris&#39; original plantings. The estate became a public arboretum in 1933.</p><br>
<h2>Collection</h2><br>
<p>Today the arboretum contains more than 13,000 labelled plants of over 2,500 types, representing the temperate floras of North America, Asia, and Europe, with a primary focus on Asia. Significant collections include native azaleas, conifers, hollies, magnolia species, maples, roses, and witch hazels. The arboretum has identified 17 trees in its collection as outstanding specimens: Abies cephalonica, Abies holophylla, Acer buergerianum, Aesculus flava, Cedrus libani var. atlantica Glauca, Cercidiphyllum japonicum, Fagus engleriana, Fagus sylvatica f. pendula, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Pinus bungeana, Platanus × acerifolia, Quercus alba, Quercus × benderi, Tsuga canadensis f. pendula, Ulmus glabra Horizontalis, Ulmus parvifolia, and Zelkova serrata.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The arboretum is set within a fine, mature landscape, primarily designed in the English park style but with Japanese influences. It includes winding paths and streams, a swan pond, formal rose gardens, and large sweeps of azaleas, rhododendrons, and magnolias. Notable aspects of the arboretum are as follows:</p><br>
<p>English Park (circa 1912) - mainly planted with species collected in China, with significant collections of maples, witch hazels, dogwoods, cherries, and stuartias.</p><br>
<p>Fernery (1899) - an 8-sided glass house said to be the only remaining free-standing Victorian fernery in North America. Morris ordered his original ferns from London expert John Birkenhead. The collection was botanically grouped and labelled; it included 523 fern varieties and 47 Selaginella (club moss) varieties.</p><br>
<p>Garden Railway - G scale trains and trolley cars running on 45 mm track (1¾"), and representing railroads throughout history, including freight and passenger models.</p><br>
<p>Greenhouse - closed to the public; little now remains of Morris&#39; original structure.</p><br>
<p>Japanese Overlook (1912) - a hybrid of English rock garden with Japanese garden, landscaped with fudo stones, stone lanterns, and Japanese maples, conifers, and smaller acid-loving plants.</p><br>
<p>Japanese Hill and Water Garden (1905) - Tsukiyama-niwa style garden with hills, rocks, water, trees, bridges, paths, shrines and lanterns.</p><br>
<p>Mercury Loggia and Ravine Garden (1913) - classical loggia housing a sculpture of "Mercury at rest", with grotto and a picturesque rock garden within the valley below.</p><br>
<p>Rose Garden (1888) - a buxus-edged rose garden in four quadrants.</p><br>
<p>Rock Wall Garden (1924) - alpine plants on a six-foot-high wall.</p><br>
<p>Swan Pond (1905) - a small lake created by digging and damming the East Brook.</p><br>
<p>Compton Mansion (aka Morris House, 1887-1888, demolished 1968)</p><br>
<p>Morris Arboretum also owns Springfield Mill, which is located opposite the main entrance. The grist mill has been restored and is open to the public once a month for grinding demonstrations.</p><br>
<p>The Ćehotina , also Ćeotina, Ćotina or Čehotina, is a 125 km long river in Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina, it is a right bank tributary of the Drina river.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The Ćehotina originates from the two streams in the Montenegrin region of Donji Kolašin, near the border with Serbia. It flows to the northwest, with many bends and curves, as it flows through the high, mountain region. The river almost has no settlements (except for the village of Vrulje), before it passes the eastern slopes of the Korijeni mountain and enters the Pljevaljska kotlina (Cyrillic: Пљеваљска котлина; Depression of Pljevlja). There, it flows through the Pljevlja coal basin and the city of Pljevlja itself, and continues to the region of Podgora, next to the villages of Radosavec, Židovići, Donja Brvenica and the small town of Gradac. The river flows between the region of Bukovica to the north and the northern tip of the Ljubišnja mountain and for the few kilometers forms the border between Serbia and Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. It continues next to the villages of Vikoč, Falovići, Godijeno and Brusina, before it empties into the Drina. The city of Foča is built at its confluence.</p><br>
<h2>Characteristics</h2><br>
<p>The Ćehotina flows for 100 km in Montenegro, and 25 in Bosnia and Herzegovina.</p><br>
<p>It has no major tributaries, most important being the Voloder, which flows into the Ćehotina near Gradac.</p><br>
<p>The river has considerable hydroelectricity potential, but none of it is being used. It belongs to the Black Sea drainage basin, its own drainage area covers 1.237 km², and it&#39;s not navigable.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Young Montenegrin band "Autogeni Trening" (Autogenic Training) have a song titled "Ćehotina".</p><br>
<p>One of the most beautiful "sevdalinka" (type of folk song in Bosnia and Herzegovina) is "Dvije su se vode zavadile" ("Two rivers have quarrell"). In that song river Ćehotina talks to river Drina to wait for her until tomorrow noon...". A notable interpretation is sung by Zaim Imamović, one of the most famous Bosnian sevdah singers.</p><br>
<p>The Kolubara , is a 123 km long river in western Serbia; it is an eastern tributary to the Sava river.</p><br>
<h2>General overview</h2><br>
<p>Kolubara originates as Obnica in the Podgorina region of Western Serbia, on Povlen mountain under Medvednik peak. It flows to the North, next to the village of Bobova, bends to the West (in this part the river is also known as Jadar), and at the city of Valjevo meets the river Jablanica from the South and forms Kolubara, as the river is known for the remaining course. The Obnica is 25 km long.</p><br>
<p>Jablanica also originates from the Povlen mountain, just few kilometers away from Obnica, under Jablanik peak. It curves around Parač mountain and next to the village of Balinović, before it meets Obnica in Valjevo. Jablanica is 24 km long.</p><br>
<p>This is also the beginning of the 90 km long region of the Kolubara valley, divided in two large parts, referred to as Upper (gornja) Kolubara and Lower (donja) Kolubara (around the Belgrade&#39;s suburb of Obrenovac).</p><br>
<h2>Upper Kolubara</h2><br>
<p>At Valjevo, the Kolubara receives the river Gradac from the right and forms the Valjevo valley between the surrounding mountains, in which it spills in several parallel flows. After Valjevo, the most populous city in western Serbia, there are no major settlements on the river, except for the villages of Mlađevo and Slovac and the river receives the right tributaries of Ribnjača and Lepenica and the left tributary of Rabas. At Slovac, near the confluence of the right tributary of the Toplica, the Kolubara carved the epigenetic Slovačka sutjeska, which separates Upper and Lower Kolubara. Upper Kolubara constitutes most of the modern Kolubara District of Serbia.</p><br>
<h2>Lower Kolubara</h2><br>
<p>The Kolubara turns north and continues to flow in several parallel flows, receiving in this section its major tributaries: Ljig River, Turija, Lukavica and Peštan, from the right; Kladnica and Tamnava, from the left. Due to the floods, even though its valley is densely populated, there are no settlements on the river itself, until it reaches Obrenovac, few kilometers before it empties into the Sava (only navigable near its mouth in Sava). However, many large villages and towns are located in the vicinity of the Kolubara: Lajkovac, Jabučje, Lazarevac, Šopić, Skobalj, Vreoci, Mali Borak, Veliki Crljeni, Draževac, Mislođin and Barič, where it flows into the Sava.</p><br>
<p>Lower Kolubara itself is divided in two sub-regions, the (upper) Kolubara coal basin and the (lower) Obrenovac micro-region.</p><br>
<h2>Kolubara coal basin</h2><br>
<p>In Neogene, the region of Kolubara was a huge bay of the Pannonian Sea (Kolubarski zaliv) As a result of abundant vegetation in the ancient sea, region of Kolubara and neighboring Tamnava (around Kolubara&#39;s longest tributary) today are immense lignite field which covers over 1,200 km&sup2;. It is estimated that coal deposits are as much as 22 billion tons, with coal layers being to 50 m deep, and over 20 million tons of coal are being extracted each year. Major mines are Rudovci, Kolubara (at Veliki Crljeni) and Kosmaj, with many surface digs being developed lately. With the mines actively covering 600 km&sup2, Kolubara mine is the largest one in the Balkans.</p><br>
<p>A series of coal based power stations are built in the basin, including Kolubara (130 MW, at Veliki Crljeni), Nikola Tesla B-1 (in 1983) and Nikola Tesla B-2 (both 615 MW, in Obrenovac).</p><br>
<p>Because of its importance for industry and economy in general, the municipality of Lazarevac, to which the coal basin mainly belongs, was attached administratively to the City of Belgrade in 1971.</p><br>
<p>After three years, on 19 September 2007 the river course between Vreoci and Veliki Crljeni was transferred to the new artificial river bed. This will allow the opening of a new surface coal field Veliki Crljeni in September 2008 with an estimated coal reserves of over 30 million tons.</p><br>
<p>The mining projects at Kolubara have been plagued with corruption: in 2011, 16 current and former members of Elektroprivreda Srbije, the operator, were arrested on suspicion of embezzlement. In addition to this, resettlement procedures for affected local communities were, according to civil society organizations, not executed in accordance with Serbian law.</p><br>
<p>There are possibilities for the development of the tourism, given the vicinity of Belgrade. There are two natural scenic overlooks above the mines. One is "Tamnava", from which the archeological sites within the mines can be observed, and the other is Medoševac, which is considered as the largest scenic overlook in the Balkans, with the view over the entire mines, which look like "the surface of the Moon". The Processing section has an exhibition of the old steam locomotives which were used in the mines. There are also several lakes formed in the former mine shafts.</p><br>
<p>The process of displacement of the Kolubara river bed in an effort to make possible exploitation of the "Veliko polje G" coal seam began in 2007. Phase 2 of the project was finished in July 2017 when another 2.6 km of the river was conducted into the new, displaced bed. "Veliko polje G" has an estimated coal reserves of 36,4 million tons.</p><br>
<h2>Characteristics</h2><br>
<p>Due to the lots of long tributaries which create branchy system within the river&#39;s drainage area, the short Kolubara drains relatively large area of 3,639 km&sup2;. It belongs to the Black Sea drainage basin.</p><br>
<p>The river is not navigable, but its valley is very important for transportation. Here are located Belgrade-Valjevo road, parts of Belgrade-Šabac road, Ibarska magistrala (Highway of Ibar) and the Belgrade-Bar railway.</p><br>
<p>The Kolubara was the site of one of the major battles on the Balkans in the World War I, the Battle of Kolubara in 1914.</p><br>
<p>Mount Sikaram is a mountain in the Koh Safeed range on the Afghanistan–Pakistan border south of the Kabul River and Khyber Pass. At 4,755 m, it is the highest peak of the Koh Safed. It is in the north of Village Piewar of Kurram Agency. The slope of the Sikaram has a small valley which comprises Piewar, Alizai, Tari Mangal, Narai, Speena Shaga and Khewas. It is in the North of Parachinar Kurram Agency. It can be easily seen from almost all parts of Kurram Agency. It has temperatures in below 0C in summers too.. Free Meteo has labeled Sikaram Sar as part of Afghanistan.</p><br>
<p>In fact, it is much easier to climb from Aryub Valley of Afghanistan.But still, these tops are not occupied places. So it can either put in Afghanistan or Pakistan. This top of Sikaram is steep towards its western size which made it easier to construct a road between Kurram Valley and Aryub Valley Afghanistan. This crossing is called Gawi Pass or Piewar Kotal Pass. Piewar Kotal Pass has History in tribal expeditions during British rule. For Reference please search for Piewar-Kotal War.</p><br>
<p>Redwood Mountain Grove is the largest grove of giant sequoia  trees on earth. It is located in Kings Canyon National Park and Giant Sequoia National Monument on the western slope of Californias Sierra Nevada. The grove contains the worlds tallest giant sequoia . The Hart Tree and Roosevelt Tree grow in the grove and are two of the 25 largest trees by volume in the world. The largest tree is the General Sherman Tree in the Giant Forest grove to the southeast.</p><br>
<h2>The Grove</h2><br>
<p>The Redwood Mountain Grove contains the most giant sequoia trees within its area. The area has old-growth giant sequoia groves and other distinctive natural features of the forest for visitors to view and experience. The Redwood Mountain Grove is protected primarily within Kings Canyon National Park, and in Giant Sequoia National Monument.</p><br>
<h2>Trails</h2><br>
<p>The groves 3 hiking trails are: the Redwood Canyon Trail (central grove); Sugar Bowl Trail (southwest); and the Hart Tree Trail (northwest). Their total 10 mi length connect for 3 loop route options. They all begin at the Redwood Canyon Trailhead, via the dirt Forest Service Route 14S75 off the Generals Highway. They give visitors walking/hiking access to see giant sequoia trees within wilderness natural habitats and views of the surrounding canyons and mountains. In Redwood Canyon along Redwood Creek, the groves understory is dense with other native plant species. The Sugar Bowl is an unusual pure giant sequoia grove on top of Redwood Mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Plant life and fire studies</h2><br>
<p>The grove contains many types of plant life, with the most significant being the giant sequoias. Within the grove one finds many different tree species. The trees that are most prominent in the grove include species such as the white fir, sugar pine, incense cedar, ponderosa pine, red fir, and Jeffrey pine. Each type of these tree species is most numerous within different sections of the grove.</p><br>
<p>The trees have a significant importance to the grove, and natural disasters such as fires have many effects on it. In 1969, parts of the grove were burned to prevent the possibility of other fires from happening, and they aided in restoring the ecosystem and natural life in the area. Fires such as these were also used for scientific research. The fires can have major effects on forests and other wilderness areas. The fires can act as part of the natural cycle for restoring natural life in the environment and ecosystems in the grove and other parks.</p><br>
<p>The Redwood Mountain Grove was involved in several studies that looked at different species of trees present in the grove and the environment surrounding the area. Some of these studies included the investigation of how fires affected the trees and environment in the grove.</p><br>
<p>The Redwood Mountain Grove was used for the study and analysis of several burns. The burning of small areas in the grove occurred to observe and understand the effects of different fires on the ecosystem. It also presented the benefits to the grove through the examination of the results of the areas burned. They highlighted the effects fires have on the many trees, other natural life, and wilderness of the Redwood Mountain Grove and its surroundings.</p><br>
<h2>Noteworthy trees</h2><br>
<p>Some of the significant trees found in the grove include:</p><br>
<p>Roosevelt Tree — the largest tree in the grove with a volume of over 1,000 m&sup3;.</p><br>
<p>Hart Tree — a very tall tree with a volume of around 980 m&sup3, and a huge basal burn. Located near the Roosevelt Tree.</p><br>
<p>Unnamed tree — the tallest known giant sequoia tree, at 311 ft in height.</p><br>
<p>Uli Biaho  is a mountain near Trango Towers and Baltoro Glacier in the Gilgit–Baltistan area of Pakistan. It consists of two main peaks, Uli Biaho Tower ; and Uli Biaho Peak , which as of 2006 was unclimbed.</p><br>
<p>Uli Biaho Tower was climbed alpine-style via the direct East Face by John Roskelley et al. All four US climbers reached the summit on July 3, 1979. Roskelley included a chapter on Uli Biaho in his 1993 book Stories Off the Wall.</p><br>
<h2>Notable ascents</h2><br>
<p>1979 - Uli Biaho Tower (19,957 feet) - East Face - VII F8 A4 (34 pitches). June 24 - July 5, 1979 - John Roskelley, Kim Schmitz, Ron Kauk and Bill Forrest.</p><br>
<p>1988 - Uli Biaho Tower - Pilone Sud (6b, A3, 800 м) 17, June 19–21, 1988 - Maurizio Giordani, Roberto Manfrini, Maurizio Venzo, Kurt Walde.</p><br>
<p>2006 - Uli Biaho Tower (20,058 feet or 6109 m) - Drastissima VI/6 ABO (Northwest Face). June 23–25, 2006 - Gabo Cmarik and Jozef Dodo Kopold (Slovakia).</p><br>
<p>2013 - Uli Biaho Tower - West Face 6a/6b, 1 aid pitch (18 pitches), the rest free climbing on sight in one day and half, July 21, 2013 - Matteo Della Bordella, Luca Schiera and Silvan Schüpbach.</p><br>
<p>2013 - Uli Biaho Tower - East Face - Russian Roulette (1,900m 6c+ A2) - August 8–14, 2013 - Denis Veretenin and Evgenii Bashkirtcev</p><br>
